Watermarking digital vector map using graph theoretic approach

Abstract

Similar to any digital dataset, a digital map is also vulnerable to modification, deliberate alteration and copyright violation. A map is a visual representation of a geographical area that is digitally stored in either raster or vector forms. Vector map is preferred over raster for both space optimization and quick processing time. Digest concept used for message authentication is extended to digitally watermark a digital map. The map digest triplet (M 1 dp , M 2 dp and M 3 dp ) is generated using various features of a digital map, supplier code and customer code. The approach computes two 160-bit hash values using secured hash algorithm (SHA1)and one 128-bit digest using message digest (MD5) algorithm. These two hash values of 160 bit and one digest of 128 bit are then embedded into a sequence of nodes of the map using graph theoretic approach in such a way that any alteration in the map alters the sub-graph. The sub-graph is the watermark. There are three watermarks.

A High Capacity Reversible Watermarking Based on Linear Cellular Automata for 2D Vector Maps

“…This makes watermark embedding more difficult as compared to video, audio images etc. For copyright protection, there have been different works done using the method of digital watermarking [3][4][5][6][7] and also the content authenticity [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] of 2-Dimensional vectors contrasted with various other options available, for example, digital signature and encryption method. The watermarking can give extra security for the important data [15] and save you time for the process of retransmission [11].…”

Mathematics Is Science: A Topic Revisited in Context of FCS of India

“…Modern mathematics is again here! It is the mathematics that helps us in evolving algorithm behind such technique [29]. Can we say that mathematics is not required for scientific research?…”