Watermarking schemes for digital images: Robustness overview

Evsutin, Oleg; Dzhanashia, Kristina

doi:10.1016/j.image.2021.116523

Cited by 44 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…[4] [26] [29] The watermark is spread across a wide range of frequencies, making it more difficult to remove or distort. [5] In this paper, fingerprint biometric data is considered as the first authentication factor to identify the registered user.…”

Section: Fig 1 Process Of Two-factor Authenticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Privacy Preserved Two Factor Authentication System using Spread Spectrum Watermarking of Fingerprint and Crypto code

Priyadarshini

Naik

2023

Preprint

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Two-factor authentication (2FA) method provides an additional layer of security to the user accounts and systems beyond a single authentication factor like simple password. Now days biometric based authentication is widely adopted as it reduces impersonation fraud and account takeover attacks. Biometric data are relevant with the user’s personal information can potentially be exploited by the attacker in the future to compromise additional data of the user. Hence protection of the biometric data is also vital part along with the secure authentication of the protected data. In this proposed work, a 2FA mechanism is implemented using Spread Spectrum Watermarking method. Instead of storing fingerprint biometric data in the database, it is embedded in the physical token/security token as invisible watermarking with the user’s image. the user's unique ID (UID) is stored in the database and embedded as an invisible watermark in the physical or security token, which serves as the second factor. Once both authentication factors and other user information are embedded, it becomes a smart card. To access protected data, the user's fingerprint is compared to the embedded fingerprint on the smart card for identification. To further validate the user's identity, the embedded UID is decrypted and matched against the stored UID in the database. The proposed watermarking-based 2FA model's enhanced outcomes are demonstrated through a detailed simulation analysis. Comparative analysis of the results confirms the superiority of the proposed model over traditional biometric-based 2FA systems.

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Section: Fig 1 Process Of Two-factor Authenticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• If the length of unique data is less than the key, each digit of the key is assigned to a position in the command, starting with the digit corresponding to the length of the command. For example, if the command is "A1B2C" and the key is "12345678", the key distribution would be [4,5,6,7,8].…”

Section: Crypto-code Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Privacy Preserved Two Factor Authentication System using Spread Spectrum Watermarking of Fingerprint and Crypto code

Priyadarshini

Naik

2023

Preprint

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“…A semi-blind watermark requires a secret key and a watermarked image to extract the watermark. If only the secret key is required to extract the watermark, the https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2597 approach is known as blind watermarking [10]. Based on the application, watermarking techniques can be classified as either robust or fragile [1,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust and Imperceptible Watermarking on Medical Images using Coefficient Pair Modification

Novamizanti

Suksmono

Danudirdjo

et al. 2023

IIUMEJ

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Sensitive data including medical images and electronic patient records (EPR) have potential value in the era of big data and telemedicine applications. Distribution of medical images and EPR over public networks requires a high level of privacy and security. Robust and imperceptible watermarking techniques are needed to provide copyright preservation for medical images and protect patient information security. This paper improves the technique of Coltuc et al. by modifying the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient pairs in the watermark embedding formula. Our proposed formula ensures that the difference between the two coefficients is at least ????. If the difference between the two coefficients is less than ????, then the new pixels are modified so that the difference is equal to ????. The proposed method was evaluated on a variety of medical images, including X-ray, CT, US, MRI, and Colonoscopy, and compared to numerous robust watermarking techniques of the recent time. The experimental results demonstrate that the suggested method outperforms contemporary robust watermarking techniques in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, and security. The peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) for all modalities of watermarked medical images exceeds 54 dB, and the average PSNR is approximately 56 dB. The proposed method is outstanding compared to Coltuc's method due to a 93% and 14% increase in bit error rate (BER) and normalized correlation (NC), respectively. Our work is superior to various state-of-the-art robust watermarking techniques, allowing it to be employed effectively in medical applications. ABSTRAK: Data sensitif termasuk imej perubatan dan rekod pesakit elektronik (EPR) mempunyai potensi nilai dalam era aplikasi data besar dan teleperubatan. Pengedaran imej perubatan dan EPR melalui rangkaian awam memerlukan tahap privasi dan keselamatan yang tinggi. Teknik penanda air yang mantap dan tidak dapat dilihat diperlukan untuk menyediakan pemeliharaan hak cipta untuk imej perubatan dan melindungi keselamatan maklumat pesakit. Kertas kerja ini menambah baik teknik Coltuc et al. dengan mengubah suai pasangan pekali transformasi kosinus diskret (DCT) dalam formula pembenaman tera air. Formula yang dicadangkan kami memastikan bahawa perbezaan antara dua pekali adalah sekurang-kurangnya ????. Jika perbezaan antara dua pekali kurang daripada ????, maka piksel baharu diubah suai supaya perbezaannya sama dengan ????. Kaedah yang dicadangkan telah dinilai pada pelbagai imej perubatan, termasuk X-ray, CT, US, MRI, dan Kolonoskopi, dan dibandingkan dengan banyak teknik penanda air yang mantap pada masa terkini. Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kaedah yang dicadangkan mengatasi teknik penanda air teguh kontemporari dari segi ketidakjelasan, keteguhan dan keselamatan. Nilai PSNR untuk semua modalitas imej perubatan bertanda air melebihi 54 dB, dan nilai purata PSNR adalah lebih kurang 56 dB. Kaedah yang dicadangkan adalah cemerlang daripada kaedah Coltuc kerana masing-masing peningkatan 93% dan 14% dalam BER dan NC. Kerja kami lebih unggul daripada pelbagai teknik penanda air teguh terkini, membolehkan ia digunakan dengan berkesan dalam aplikasi perubatan.

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“…In general, there is a conflicting relationship between these properties and it is difficult to obtain improvements at the same time, but it is an important goal to improve these properties through continuous research to make watermarking algorithms better for copyright protection. Watermarking algorithms can be divided into spatial-domain watermarking [5][6][7][8] and frequency-domain watermarking [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] depending on the embedding domain. The former modifies the spatial-domain pixel values to embed watermark information, which is computationally simple and efficient, but its robustness is mediocre because the image attack will distort the pixels directly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel robust and reversible color image watermarking algorithm with adaptive block selection

Cao

Tian

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In this paper, an adaptive robust and reversible watermarking algorithm is proposed which enables both copyright protection and integrity protection of the host image. Firstly, the host image is divided into non-overlapping sub-blocks, and a sub-block can be embedded with one watermark bit. During the watermark embedding process, the spatial domain computation and quantization methods of the DC component of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) are derived and utilized, which can avoid unnecessary calculations and thus increase the efficiency of the algorithm, besides, the host image can be recovered by recording the pixel changes of embedded blocks. In addition, an adaptive selection method of embedded block designed for the aforesaid embedding method is proposed, which can select different suitable sub-blocks according to different host images, thus reducing the host image distortion caused by watermark embedding, whereupon, the quantization step can be selected with an appropriate bias to improve the robustness in the case of high invisibility. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm not only has high invisibility, robustness, efficiency and security, but also the host image can be fully recovered from the watermarked image when there is no attack.

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Watermarking schemes for digital images: Robustness overview

Cited by 44 publications

References 57 publications

Privacy Preserved Two Factor Authentication System using Spread Spectrum Watermarking of Fingerprint and Crypto code

Privacy Preserved Two Factor Authentication System using Spread Spectrum Watermarking of Fingerprint and Crypto code

Robust and Imperceptible Watermarking on Medical Images using Coefficient Pair Modification

A novel robust and reversible color image watermarking algorithm with adaptive block selection

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