Watermarking Techniques for Three Dimensional (3D) Mesh Authentication in Spatial Domain

Borah, Sagarika; Borah, Bhogeswar

doi:10.1007/s13319-018-0194-7

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Even so the 3D objects are widely available and important, there are a few existing watermarking techniques. e various watermarking techniques for 3D objects can be classified according to the embedding domains such as the spatial domain [18,19], the spectral-domain [20,21], and the transform domain [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even so the 3D objects are widely available and important, there are a few existing watermarking techniques. The various watermarking techniques for 3D objects can be classified according to the embedding domains such as the spatial domain [ 18 , 19 ], the spectral-domain [ 20 , 21 ], and the transform domain [ 22 , 23 ]. The transform domain techniques such as Fourier, Laplace, cosine, and wavelet transform provide a good trade-off between invisibility and robustness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Blind Watermarking Model of the 3D Object and the Polygonal Mesh Objects for Securing Copyright

Al-Saadi

Ghareeb

Elhadad

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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In this paper, we propose a novel model for 3D object watermarking. The proposed method is based on the properties of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of the 3D object vertices to embed a secret grayscale image three times. The watermarking process takes place by using the vertices coefficients and the encrypted image pixels. Moreover, the extraction process is totally blind based on the reverse steps of the embedding process to recover the secret grayscale image. Various performance aspects of the method are measured and compared between the original 3D object and the watermarked one using Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine distance, and correlation distance. The obtained results show that the proposed model provides better performances in terms of execution time and invisibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Blind Watermarking Model of the 3D Object and the Polygonal Mesh Objects for Securing Copyright

Al-Saadi

Ghareeb

Elhadad

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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“…Blind watermarking schemes allow the authorized user to extract the watermark using the secret key. It doesn't require either the original content or the watermarked content [27]. Non-blind watermarking schemes require the original data and the watermark to verify the watermarks embedded in the applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of 3D Triangular Mesh Watermarking Using ACO-Weber’s Law

2020

KSII TIIS

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The development of new multimedia techniques such as 3D printing is increasingly attracting the public's attention towards 3D objects. An optimized robust and imperceptible watermarking method based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Weber Law is proposed for 3D polygonal models. The proposed approach partitions the host model into smaller sub meshes and generates a secret watermark from the sub meshes using Weber Law. ACO based optimized strength factor is identified for embedding the watermark. The secret watermark is embedded and extracted on the wavelet domain. The proposed scheme is robust against geometric and photometric attacks that overcomes the synchronization problem and authenticates the secret watermark from the distorted models. The primary characteristic of the proposed system is the flexibility achieved in data embedding capacity due to the optimized strength factor. Extensive simulation results shows enhanced performance of the recommended framework and robustness towards the most common attacks like geometric transformations, noise, cropping, mesh smoothening, and the combination of such attacks.

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“…Based on the size of the tampered area, fragile wat can be categorized into two types: Region-based and Vertex-based. Region-ba ing technique detects tampered areas relatively loosely, and the detected area m at have not been tampered with; however, this technique effectively detects the n contrast, vertex-based fragile watermarking technique accurately detects the t cannot detect changes in topology because of the limitation of the algorithm u ding to the latest survey [16] and our understanding about the 3D auth there are currently eight vertex-based 3D model authentication algorithms [17-ented in the spatial domain. Despite these algorithms obtaining favorable exp re is still room for improvement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the latest survey [16] and our understanding about the 3D authentication algorithm, there are currently eight vertex-based 3D model authentication algorithms [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], which are implemented in the spatial domain. Despite these algorithms obtaining favorable experimental results, there is still room for improvement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Vertex-Based 3D Authentication Algorithm Based on Spatial Subdivision

Tsai

Chi

et al. 2018

Symmetry

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The study proposed a vertex-based authentication algorithm based on spatial subdivision. A binary space partitioning tree was employed to subdivide the bounding volume of the input model into voxels. Each vertex could then be encoded into a series of binary digits, denoted as its authentication code, by traversing the constructed tree. Finally, the above authentication code was embedded into the corresponding reference vertex by modulating its position within the located subspace. Extensive experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm provided high embedding capacity and high robustness. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm supported controllable distortion and self-recovery.

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Watermarking Techniques for Three Dimensional (3D) Mesh Authentication in Spatial Domain

Cited by 8 publications

References 59 publications

A Blind Watermarking Model of the 3D Object and the Polygonal Mesh Objects for Securing Copyright

A Blind Watermarking Model of the 3D Object and the Polygonal Mesh Objects for Securing Copyright

Optimization of 3D Triangular Mesh Watermarking Using ACO-Weber’s Law

A Vertex-Based 3D Authentication Algorithm Based on Spatial Subdivision

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