“…13 Individual studies have linked use to esophageal cancer, 14,15 chromosomal aberrations, 16 decreased pulmonary and cardiovascular functions, 17,18 infertility, 19 dental problems, 20 and infectious diseases. 21 Surveys of university students in multiple countries, including the United States, suggest that people are unaware of these dangers [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and believe that hookah is less harmful and less addictive than cigarettes. 22,23,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] A number of studies have examined the prevalence and correlates of hookah use among local and national populations, 9,36 including US adolescents.…”