Waterpipe tobacco smoking

Zhou

Sig Transduct Target Ther

et al. 2020

153

117

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD has increased over the last decade and the drugs most commonly used to treat it, such as glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, have significant therapeutic effects; however, they also cause side effects, including infection and immunosuppression. Here we reviewed the pathogenesis and progression of COPD and elaborated on the effects and mechanisms of newly developed molecular targeted COPD therapeutic drugs. Among these new drugs, we focussed on thioredoxin (Trx). Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. The mechanism by which Trx affects COPD is different from glucocorticoid-based mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. In addition, Trx also improves the insensitivity of COPD to steroids by inhibiting the production and internalisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Taken together, these findings suggest that Trx may be the ideal drug for treating COPD.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD

Zhou

Sig Transduct Target Ther

et al. 2020

153

117

“…Cigarette smokers have a higher occurrence of respiratory symptoms and lung function deviations, and decrease in FEV1 annually, and a greater COPD mortality rate than non-smokers. Alternative varieties of tobacco and marijuana are jointly risk factors for COPD [4,5]. Tobacco exposure and biomass fuel/solid fuel usage are documented as two important risk factors of COPD [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology Analysis and Antimicrobial Selection in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2022

MCMS

Objective: This study was conducted to prospectively analyze the clinical features of hospitalized patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD), sputum culture and drug susceptibility results, and the use and efficacy of antimicrobial to guide the pathogens of AECOPD hospitalized patients. Learning judgment and choice of antimicrobial drugs. Materials and Methods:A total of 327 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to

“…Previous studies have reported that the prevalence of COPD increased in smokers [37]; and that they have higher rates of lung function abnormalities and mortality [38]. Evidence has shown that smoking is one of the risk factors for COPD and that it can increase the lung's total burden of inhaled particles and gases which in turn worsens a patient's condition [36,[39][40][41][42].. Third, the process of data extraction might also be a source of heterogeneity. In this meta-analysis, some data were not available in the original studies and needed to be extracted by software.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of comorbidities and prognosis in patients with COPD diagnosed with the fixed ratio and the lower limit of normal: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

Background: Currently, the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not uniform, COPD guidelines recommend fixed ratio (FR), whereas ATS and ERS define airflow obstruction based on lower limit of normal (LLN). We aim to determine if there is difference between the two diagnostic criteria for morbidity, mortality, exacerbation. Methods: Four databases and all relevant studies from the references were searched from inception to June 25, 2019, to find studies that described the rate of comorbidity, the exacerbation rates, mortality in COPD patients. Data analysis was performed using STATA/SE 14.0 and followed the standard of Cochrane Collaboration. A sensitivity analysis was performed to find the source of heterogeneity. Results: Thirteen studies and 154,447 participants were finally included in this meta-analysis. The 11 cohort studies and 2 cross-sectional studies were all high-quality. Patients with airflow limitation according to either FR or LLN had higher mortality (HR FR+/LLN-= 1.27, 95% CI = 1.14-1.42; HR FR−/LLN+ = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.17-2.86) than those who met neither criteria. When compared with the FR−/LLN-criteria, those who met the FR criteria were more likely to exacerbate (HR FR+/LLN-= 1.64, 95% CI = 1.09-2.46; HR FR−/LLN+ = 1.58, 95% CI = 0.70-3.55). The meta-analysis for comorbidities showed no significant difference between patients who met neither criteria and those who met LLN or FR criteria. Conclusion: The patients with airflow limitations according to FR were more likely to exacerbate than those with LLN only. Patients that met either FR or LLN were more likely to have higher mortality than FR−/LLN-. There was no difference between the FR+/LLN-and FR−/LLN+ groups for the occurrence of comorbidities.