Waterpipe tobacco use among Iranian university students: correlates and perceived reasons for use

Abstract

Given the alarming prevalence of waterpipe smoking, preventive measures should be adopted among university students taking into account the influence of peers, siblings and parents in the lessening social tolerance of waterpipe smoking.

The Effect of Cigarette and Hookah Smoke on Oral Bacterial Growth, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis: An In vitro Study

“…and this study is the first study in this regard, although studies have studied the association of hookah smoking on oral and periodontal diseases (24)(25)(26). Although hookah is smoked in some countries, its use is very prevalent among Iranians, especially youths (27). Thus, while the nicotine content and plasma levels are not different between cigarette and hookah (10), the concept of the general population is that hookah has less harms, and it is therefore used frequently in Iran, especially in women (28), which according to the results of the present study can have deteriorating effects on the oral health of women and their children, who are in close contact with their mother.…”

Opioid Use and Tobacco Smoking in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases

“…The severity of pain was based on a visual analogue scale (VAS) scale with a score between 0 to 10. Drug use was based on self-reporting and this part of the questionnaire was adopted from previous studies, which its reliability and validity had proven (12,13). The questionnaire was completed by two qualified nurses and the clinical examinations and diagnoses were made by a rheumatologist (first author).…”

Hookah Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Public Health Challenge

“…The central role of parental smoking on their children's attitudes toward smoking is in line with previous studies in Iranian youths. The role of less associated stigma with smoking hookah than with cigarette, even for girls in family gatherings, should be underscored (5,12,13). A broad range of strategies are needed to prevent the accelerating trend of hookah use.…”

“…The delivered tar in a single session of hookah smoking (about an hour) is as much as the tar in an entire pack of cigarettes (7,12). The hookah consumers inhale nicotine, carbon monoxide, benzene, toluene, arsenic, lead, formaldehyde, and other carcinogens (7,8,12). In comparison to the abstainers, pregnant women who use hookah are more likely to give birth to babies with low birth weights, low Apgar scores, and respiratory distress syndrome.…”

“…Several studies demonstrated the harmful effects of hookah (7,8,(12)(13)(14). The delivered tar in a single session of hookah smoking (about an hour) is as much as the tar in an entire pack of cigarettes (7,12).…”