Wave 2 strains of atypical Vibrio cholerae El Tor caused the 2009–2011 cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea

Greenhill, Andrew R.; Mutreja, Ankur; Bulach, Dieter; Belousoff, Matthew J.; Jonduo, Marinjho; Collins, Deirdre A.; Kas, Monalisa P.; Wapling, Johanna; Seemann, Torsten; Lafana, Alice; Dougan, Gordon; Brown, Mark V.; Horwood, Paul F.

doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000256

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Several other studies investigating cholera outbreak in different countries have shown that the same agent is responsible for cholera. Countries involved in the given studies are: India, V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa 23 and V. cholerae O1, 24 Bangladesh V. cholerae O1/O139, 25 Nigeria V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor, 26,27 Guinea V. cholerae El Tor, 28 Kenya Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant, 29 and Indonesia V. cholerae O1 ST69 strains. 30 Subjects affected by the disease were found in all age groups for males and females from less than 15 years to 60 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholera Outbreak in Hadhramout, Yemen: The Epidemiological Weeks 2019

Hameed

Joban²

2021

Int J Epidemiol Res

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Background and aims: Cholera is a disease of acute watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae usually transmitted through contaminated water. In this study, we collected and analyzed the related epidemiological data to determine cholera outbreak in Hadhramout, Yemen during the disease epidemic in 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted according to screening rapid diagnostic and confirmatory laboratory culture testing methods for diagnosing clinically cholera cases. Results: Suspected cholera cases were tested by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and 399 (50.5%) out of 794 cases were determined positive, and 76(9.6%) of them were confirmed by laboratory culture test (LCT) with statistically significant difference. Serotype V. cholerae O1 was also detected in patients’ diarrhea. Females were the most affected by the disease manifested in 201 (25.3%) and 43 (5.4%) when tested by RDT and LCT, respectively, with no statistically significant difference. The highest proportion of cholera cases (224) were reported in the age group less than 15 years (56.1%) with statistically significant difference when tested by RDT, and 45(13.3%) when tested by LCT with insignificant statistics difference. Hajr directorate was revealed to be the most affected with 242 (30.47%) followed by Mukalla city directorate with 108 (13.60%) when the cases were tested by RDT; while Hajr and Mukalla city directorates reported 55 (7.0%) and 15 (2.0%), respectively, when it was confirmed by LCT with a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Severe cholera outbreak occurred during the epidemiological weeks in 2019 in Hadhramout coast. V. cholerae O1 serotype was the causative agent of cholera. Females and age group less than 15 years were the most affected by the disease. Hajr and Mukalla city directorates reported serious outbreak cholera cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholera Outbreak in Hadhramout, Yemen: The Epidemiological Weeks 2019

Hameed

Joban²

2021

Int J Epidemiol Res

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“…Nearly every Pacific island nation has identified critical environmental and public health problems resulting from the disposal of human related sewage (Brodie, 2016;Fujita et al, 2013;Naidu et al, 1991;Palanaippan et al, 2017;UNEP, 1999). These have included algae blooms and eutrophication in lagoons, deteriorating coral reef health, contaminated drinking water in wells and outbreaks of gastro-intestinal disease and cholera in human populations in contact with the polluted water (Amato et al, 2020;Barnes et al, 2019;Fujita et al, 2013;Greenhill et al, 2019;Mosley and Aalbersberg, 2003;Quimpo et al, 2020;Singh and Mosley, 2003;Yoshioka et al, 2016). Sewage pollution is considered one of the more serious human environmental problems, responsible for a high prevalence of water-related diseases (Morrison, 2016;Naidu et al, 1991;Poustie et al, 2016).…”

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Seagrass habitat in Tarawa Lagoon, Kiribati: Service benefits and links to national priority issues

Brodie

Maata

et al. 2020

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Nearshore deterioration of water quality in Pacific coastal waters is a growing problem, associated with increasing urban and industrial sewage discharges, and agricultural runoff. Published water quality studies in the Pacific region are limited in both number and scope, making it difficult to resolve the extent of the issue or quantify the variability of water quality across Pacific islands and countries. This study collected water quality measurements over three years in the coastal waters around the Island of Efate (Vanuatu) with majority of work carried out in Port Vila, its capital. Port Vila is the key urban centre for Vanuatu where the increasing population and pollution inputs are placing substantial pressure on the coastal environment. Highest concentrations of dissolved nutrients and suspended sediments were measured adjacent or near the urban drains that enter the coastal areas along the capital's seafront, highlighting many of the issues around anthropogenic inputs are linked to the increasing urbanisation in Port Vila Bay. We provide baseline data that explores variability of coastal water quality and these types of datasets for Pacific islands are a first step towards facilitating development of long-term monitoring programmes and informing coastal zone management decision making.Pacific countries and their marine waters have high environmental and human value, with vast areas of marine habitats, coastal waters, vulnerable ecosystems and biota (Tsamenyi and Jit, 2011). A large proportion of the Pacific community live close to the sea or are highly dependent on their association with it (Bell et al., 2011;Donnelly et al., 2012;Muckle et al., 2015) with human wellbeing being intrinsically linked to the health of the marine oceanscape. Whilst there are several ongoing research programs in the Pacific that target climate change, water quality and habitat loss, it is difficult to adequately report on the 40 million km 2 area of the Pacific oceanscape (Tsamenyi and Jit, 2011). There is an urgent need for accessible water quality data and improved understanding of the impacts of pollution to ensure good environmental health and human wellbeing and to support sustainable fishing and tourism (Komugabe-Dixson et al., 2019;Mcleod et al., 2019).The Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme was initiated in the Pacific in 2016 with funding from the United Kingdom government (McManus et al., 2019). The aim of the programme was to provide Commonwealth Small Island Developing States (SIDS) with improved hydrographic and scientific data relating to their marine environments. This approach to the collection and dissemination of scientific data aligns well with the objectives laid out in Salpin et al. (2018), who identified that the opportunity for Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS) to undertake and benefit from marine science, including accessing appropriate technology, represents a significant contribution to their sustainable development aspirations. Many components of ecological measurements in Pa...

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