Wave Propagation in Vegetation Field by Combining Fast Multiple Scattering Theory and Numerical Electromagnetics in a Hybrid Method

Jeong, Jongwoo; Tsang, Leung; Gu, Weihui; Colliander, Andreas; Yueh, Simon

doi:10.1109/tap.2023.3242418

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…As discussed in [34], the T -matrix can be extracted by employing the far-field solutions, as the VCW expansions of the scattered waves are valid in the entire domain outside of the enclosing cylinder for both near fields and far fields. By taking a double Fourier series over the scattering amplitudes of a single scatterer in commercial software, the T -matrix elements can be extracted from the bistatic polarimetric scattering amplitudes as follows [22,34]:…”

Section: Novelty Of the Fhmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many trees need to be used in the simulation area to capture the multiple scattering effects and the effects of gaps. However, using commercial software for full-wave simulations involving numerous scatterers is constrained by CPU time and memory limitations: a simulation of 9 corn plants on the commercial software (HFSS) already exceeded the memory capacity [22]. To obtain accurate and efficient full-wave solutions for trees, we began full wave simulations in [23] and the hybrid method (HM) was proposed later in [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This motivates the further development of the hybrid method, leading to the fast hybrid method (FHM), the fast version of the hybrid method [22]. To improve CPU time and memory usage, the FHM combines the 2D sparse matrix canonical grid (SMCG) FFTs [26] and 1D FFT for spatial domain and orders of cylindrical wave functions, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows the scattering solutions of 72 trees within a CPU time of 1346 seconds and memory of 16.5 GB on a standard desktop without needing a HPC cluster. The FHM was previously applied to the corn field at the L-band [22] and forests at the P-band [27]. Forests at the L-band are much more challenging because the tree dimensions are much larger than the corn dimensions, and the L-band wavelength is smaller (four times smaller in these examples) than the P-band wavelength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full-wave Electromagnetic Simulations of Forests at L-band by Using Fast Hybrid Method

Jeong,

Tsang,

Colliander

et al. 2023

PIER

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Wave propagation in forests at L-band has essential applications in satellite communication system design, foliage penetration (FOPEN), and remote sensing of forest canopy and soil using passive active and reflectometry techniques. In this work, we propose applying the fast hybrid method (FHM) for full-wave simulations of forests. The FHM significantly improves CPU time and memory efficiency for full-wave electromagnetic solutions. In this paper, we present simulations of forests of up to 72 trees with heights up to 13 m with FHM. Spatial distributions of electric fields at the bottom plane of the trees are illustrated showing constructive and destructive interferences. The electric field distributions show that the amplitudes of the electric fields can be as large as twice that of incident waves. The transmissivities are computed and averaged over realizations based on the electric fields underneath the forest. The simulations were performed on a desktop and required a CPU time of only 1346 seconds and the memory of 16.5 GB for the case of 72 13-m tall trees, demonstrating that the FHM method is substantially more efficient than the available commercial software. The results show that the L-band signals can penetrate forests to sense the soil moisture and detect targets hidden within forests, as evidenced by significant electric field intensities under forest canopies. Also, we illustrate that GPS signals can penetrate forests and be successfully received by GPS receivers. In the study on clustering effects, we present two distinct solutions for transmissivities, each corresponding to different spatial distributions of trees while maintaining the same average tree density.

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Section: Novelty Of the Fhmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full-wave Electromagnetic Simulations of Forests at L-band by Using Fast Hybrid Method

Jeong,

Tsang,

Colliander

et al. 2023

PIER

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“…Several recent efforts on SM retrieval for forested regions of high VWC (>5 kg m −2 ) (Ayres et al., 2021; Colliander et al., 2020; Vittucci et al., 2016) indicate that the retrieval is possible. One proposed approach for assisting the retrieval of SM under a dense canopy is the hybrid method for the full wave simulations of 3D Maxwell equations applied to trees (Colliander et al., 2018; Gu et al., 2022; Jeong et al., 2023). The canopy transmissivities obtained from direct simulations of the Maxwell equations are much greater than those obtained from the traditional formulation of the radiative transfer equation, further suggesting the possibility of SM retrieval for dense canopy covered areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Theory of Maximum Entropy Production and Its Application to Microwave Remote Sensing—Simultaneous Retrieval of Soil Moisture and Vegetation Water Content

Wang,

Cho,

Negron‐Juarez

et al. 2024

Earth and Space Science

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A theory of maximum entropy production (MEP) for electromagnetic wave propagation in dielectric materials is proposed and applied to simultaneously retrieving soil moisture (SM) and vegetation water content (VWC) from L‐band microwave brightness temperature (TB). One representation of the MEP principle states that a non‐equilibrium system corresponds to such a configuration of energy fluxes that minimizes a dissipation function under the constraint of energy conservation. The dissipation function for radiative transfer is formulated as an analogy of that for heat transfer. A new physical parameter, radiative inertia as an analogy of thermal inertia, is introduced to characterize radiative attenuation in dielectric media. The radiative inertia is parameterized in terms of the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves as a function of the complex dielectric constant. The MEP based retrieval algorithm predicts SM and VWC by minimizing the dissipation function under the constraint of the conservation of radiative energy. The retrievals of SM and VWC based on the MEP theory were validated against field observations in tropical and temperate forested regions of the Amazon and North America. The proof‐of‐concept analysis demonstrates the capability of the MEP algorithm for simultaneous retrievals of SM and VWC even for dense canopy (e.g., VWC > 5 kg m−2). The MEP method is a new theoretical framework for developing innovative remote sensing algorithms of the Earth system not limited to microwave observations.

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A simple, yet efficient computational model for electromagnetic propagation among sensors in corn fields

Hatzitolios,

Anastassiu

2024

International Conference on Environmental, Mining, and Sustainable Development 2022

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Wave Propagation in Vegetation Field by Combining Fast Multiple Scattering Theory and Numerical Electromagnetics in a Hybrid Method

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Full-wave Electromagnetic Simulations of Forests at L-band by Using Fast Hybrid Method

Full-wave Electromagnetic Simulations of Forests at L-band by Using Fast Hybrid Method

A Theory of Maximum Entropy Production and Its Application to Microwave Remote Sensing—Simultaneous Retrieval of Soil Moisture and Vegetation Water Content

A simple, yet efficient computational model for electromagnetic propagation among sensors in corn fields

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