“…Improvement of nondestructive testing technology research (Ha, Kien, Hoang, Duong, & Huy, 2016; Li et al, 2016; Wu et al, 2016), specifically hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology (Cho, Bae, Cho, & Moon, 2017; Wang, Lin, & Yuan, 2017; Zhang, Pasolli, Crawford, & Tilton, 2016), has allowed for rapid detection of anomalies in foods, for example, detection of Cd in Gannan navel orange (Liu et al, 2010) and Cd residue in tomato leaves (Sun, Wu, et al, 2019; Sun, Zhou, et al, 2019). Furthermore, HSI technology captures efficiently spectral and spatial information from samples (Khulal, Zhao, Hu, & Chen, 2016).…”