Waveguide Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Biosensing: A Review

Ettabib, Mohamed A.; Martí, Almudena; Liu, Zhen; Bowden, Bethany M.; Zervas, M.N.; Bartlett, Philip N.; Wilkinson, James S.

doi:10.1021/acssensors.1c00366

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“…PTICAL refractive index sensors have wide applications in many fields, e.g., biomedicine [1]- [5] and chemical analysis [6]- [9]. A prevalent operating principle uses an optical resonator which translates the changes in the environment to optical properties resulting in a change of resonance k-vector [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Aspect-Ratio Open Grating Fabry-Perot Resonator for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensing

et al. 2022

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This paper presents a high aspect-ratio open grating Fabry-Perot resonator theoretically and experimentally for aqueous refractive index sensing with high figure of merit. Transmission line modelling and associated Smith charts are utilized to give a better intuitive understanding of the physical sensing mechanism. The analysis aids understanding of the relative contribution to refractive index changes both within the grating fingers and external to them. Measurements of refractive index are carried out with Kretschmann coupling configuration for both transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) polarization. The results show an improvement of 10-and 44-fold in figure of merit over conventional SPR for TM and TE, respectively. When the designed system is analyzed for sensitivity, 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟖 𝑹𝑰𝑼 is achieved with a single frame even without a reference channel for noise cancellation. With 794 frames averaging (approximately 1-second acquisition time), the sensitivity of the system can be further improved to 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟗 𝑹𝑰𝑼. The simulations and experimental results demonstrate strong potential for biosensing applications, e.g., kinetic molecular binding, ultrasensitive refractive index sensing and photoacoustic detection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Aspect-Ratio Open Grating Fabry-Perot Resonator for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensing

et al. 2022

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“…Since Raman scattering is weak 1 , methods to enhance, direct and harness it are highly desirable, e.g. through the use of optical cavities 2 , waveguides [3][4][5][6] , and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [7][8][9] . While SERS offers dramatic enhancements 6,15,22,2 by localizing light within vanishingly small 'hot-spots' in metallic nanostructures, these tiny interaction volumes are only sensitive to few molecules, yielding weak signals that are difficult to detect 10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, SERS emerging from localized fields diffraction, making efficient detection difficult 10 . In this letter, we explore waveguide enhanced Raman scattering [3][4][5][6] , combined with SERS [7][8][9] , using the plasmonic waveguide, shown in Fig. 1a.…”

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confidence: 99%

Near-unity Raman β-factor of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in a waveguide

Mota

et al. 2022

Nat. Nanotechnol.

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The Raman scattering of light by molecular vibrations offers a powerful technique to 'fingerprint' molecules via their internal bonds and symmetries. Since Raman scattering is weak 1 , methods to enhance, direct and harness it are highly desirable, e.g. through the use of optical cavities 2 , waveguides [3][4][5][6] , and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [7][8][9] . While SERS offers dramatic enhancements 6,15,22,2 by localizing light within vanishingly small 'hot-spots' in metallic nanostructures, these tiny interaction volumes are only sensitive to few molecules, yielding weak signals that are difficult to detect 10 . Here, we show that SERS from 4-Aminothiophenol (4-ATP) molecules bonded to a plasmonic gap waveguide is directed into a single mode with > 𝟗𝟗% efficiency. Although sacrificing a confinement dimension, we find > 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 times SERS enhancement across a broad spectral range enabled by the waveguide's larger sensing volume and nonresonant mode. Remarkably, the waveguide-SERS (W-SERS) is bright enough to image Raman transport across the waveguides exposing the roles of nanofocusing [11][12][13] and the Purcell effect 14 . Emulating the 𝛃factor from laser physics [15][16][17] , the near unity Raman 𝛃-factor observed exposes the SERS technique in a new light and points to alternative routes to controlling Raman scattering. The ability of W-SERS to direct Raman scattering is relevant to Raman sensors based on integrated photonics [7][8][9] with applications in gas and biosensing as well as healthcare.

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“…1.19. A comprehensive and very complete review of WGR including a chronology of the early development of this technique, a theoretical introduction, an overview of the available surface functionalization techniques per used photonic platform and an overview of recent WGR implementations with emphasis in biological sensing can be found in [56]. WGR provides good analyte to background signal ratio when the analytes are positioned on the surroundings of the core.…”

Section: Waveguide-integrated Ramanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple articles [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] have followed in this highly interesting emerging field searching for the best core material and engineering the waveguide geometry to minimize the background signal and increase the excitation and collection efficiency, and to show the potential of WGR as a sensing technique. Moreover, work on surface functionalization of waveguides can further improve the sensitivity of waveguide integrated Raman.…”

Section: Waveguide-integrated Ramanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards integrated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of anionic pollutants in water

Galindo

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Computers and the internet have changed the way we understand and interact with the world that surrounds us. The 21st century is known as the information age. In 2019, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) estimated that more than 51% of the world´s population had access to an internet connection [1]. Internet traffic is in continue growthevolving from 100 GB of data per day in 1992 to a forecast of 1671 TB of data per second in 2030 [2, 3] considering only internet mobile traffic. Microprocessorstraditionally used in computersare now incorporated in many of the devices that we use and carry daily. In 2020, 51% of the total microprocessors sold were incorporated to tablets, cell phones and appliances [4]. By 2030, the number of devices connected to the internet will be more than 2.8 times the global population (i.e., there will be an estimated number of 24.1 billion devices connected to the internet). We live in a hybrid world, where an unpreceded, distributed and itinerant network of microcontrollers and microprocessors, operating in the digital domain and interconnected using broadband telecommunication networks, can analyze the parameters of our analog world and help us take decisions in a fraction of a second. Sensors and actuators are the bridge that allows the interconnection of both our analog and digital realities.However, technological progress also brings some challenges to our society. The world population is in continuous increase, with a number of 7.9 billion persons in 2021 and an estimated increase of 1.8 billion persons by 2050 [5]. In developed economies, 81% of the population is concentrated in big cities [6]. The high population density in the city is a threat for the sustainability of modern human activity. The concept of smart cities pursues the improvement of the efficiency of traditional networks and services by the usage of digital technologies for the benefit of its citizens. A smart city includes improved ways of transportation, upgraded water distribution and waste disposal facilities and more efficient heating and lighting of buildings. A smart city also includes a more responsive administration that is able to face the challenges of the increasing population and meet the needs of present and future generations [7].Water is one of the nine top sectors supported by the Dutch government through the Top Consortium for Knowledge and Innovation (TKI) [8].Ensuring the quality of water reserves is essential to guarantee not only the safety of the citizens of a country but also the prosperity of the nation. At the Finally, infrared absorption spectroscopy is a complementary technique to Raman spectroscopy. In this technique, a low energy (infrared) light-source is used to excite molecules causing direct transitions between vibrational states. The drop of the light intensity at different wavelengths composes the infrared absorption spectrum, which has direct relation to the structure and composition of the molecules under study. A different selection rule applies for vibrational mod...

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Waveguide Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Biosensing: A Review

Cited by 32 publications

References 162 publications

High Aspect-Ratio Open Grating Fabry-Perot Resonator for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensing

High Aspect-Ratio Open Grating Fabry-Perot Resonator for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensing

Near-unity Raman β-factor of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in a waveguide

Towards integrated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of anionic pollutants in water

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