The purpose of this review is to provide non-specialists with a basic understanding of the information micro-Raman Spectroscopy (mRS) may yield when this characterization tool is applied to nanomaterials, a generic term for describing nano-sized crystals and bulk homogeneous materials with a structural disorder at the nanoscale e typically nanoceramics, nanocomposites, glassy materials and relaxor ferroelectrics. The selected materials include advanced and ancient ceramics, semiconductors and polymers developed in the form of dots, wires, films, fibres or composites for applications in the energy, electronic and aeronauticseaerospace industries. The text is divided into five sections: