Wax screen-based fabrication of paper devices for the determination of iron in particulates of selected welding fumes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

In this study a paper-based analytical device was developed using screen printing technique for the determination of particulate iron from welding fumes. The operational parameters such as volume and concentration of 1,10-phenanthroline, volume and concentration of hydroxylamine were optimized by the Box Behnken Design (BBD) using Minitab. Additionally, the µ-PAD's sample solution holding capacity and reaction time were also optimized. Under the optimized condition, particulate metal concentrations were colorimetrically quantified usinga handheld mobile phone and image processing software, ImageJ. Very good analytical performance such as good linearity of the calibration curve and better selectivity was observed by the developed method. The limit of detection for Fe3+ assay was 4.6 mg/L; which is adequate to determine the threshold concentration limit of particulate iron set by the regulatory bodies (6 mg/L). The µ-PAD revealed 95-99% recovery compared with the UV-Vis spectrophotometry (98-100%). Furthermore, welding fume samples were collected in Addis Ababa over five days, using mixed cellulose ester filters and the findings show a high concentration that exceeds the standard levels. Analyzing particulate iron with µ-PADs yielded results consistent with UV-Vis spectrophotometry, suggesting µ-PADs' potential application for occupational particulate iron exposure measurement, eliminating the need for expensive analytical devices.
 KEY WORDS: µ-PADs, Particulate iron, Response surface methodology, Wax screen-printing, Welding fume, Colorimetric detection
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(3), 563-576. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i3.2 

Electrochemically nitrate remediation by single-atom catalysts: advances, mechanisms, and prospects

“…In this method, p-aminobenzene-sulfonamide, N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, and phosphoric acid were mixed to obtain a color reagent with acidic micro-environment [86] . After adding the color reagent to the nitrite-containing solutions, naphthalene ethylenediamine reacts with nitrite ions to form a purple diazonium salt with a characteristic absorbance at a wavelength of around 540 nm.…”