This maniscript is submitted for publicationAbstractBackgroundIncreasingly more children return from ISIS’ Caliphate. They are considered potentially dangerous by their home countries, which might pose a challenge to their (re)integration. Based on experiences of Dutch children, now elderly, whose parents were members of the SS or NSB (a political party that collaborated with Nazi Germany) during WWII, this study explores and describes pitfalls and recommendations for the development and (re)integration of minor returnees from the Caliphate. Research questionsThe research questions were focussed on 1) participants’ experiences as children and as adults as a result of their background, 2) the effects of their experiences on their psychological well-being as children and as adults, 3) their coping responses, both during childhood and into adulthood, and (4) their recommendations on how to meet the needs of minor returnees. MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 Dutch adults, whose parents were members of the SS or NSB during WW II. The interview questions were based on re-occurring themes from literature, a codebook was generated and the verbatim transcribed interviews were scored using Atlas.ti 8. The results were analyzed and commonly reported codes were described, enriched with quotes from participants, and discussed. Results Participants reported social exclusion, being separated from their parents, and family secrecy as common experiences, with severe implications for their identity development, self-esteem, and family relationships. Their coping responses were active (e.g., searching information), avoiding (e.g., socially desirable behaviour) and using comforting thoughts. Participants’ main recommendations for minor returnees included: transparency within families about the past, an inclusive approach and respect for minor returnees’ loyalty to their parents. DiscussionIt is concluded that the experiences of the participants in this study may contribute to a better understanding of the developmental needs of minor returnees, which can help for successful (re)integration and for relevant policy making.