“…While there are potentially overlapping issues of cultural differences or discrimination, for instance, there are profoundly unique concerns related to migration adjustment and acculturative distress that bear on experiences in out-of-school time. Refugee families in particular are likely to have experienced traumatic stress prior to arrival as a result of political violence or exposure to war, and this stress exacerbates parent-child conflict, difficulty with communication, and struggles to have children maintain religious and cultural practices in the context of mainstream U.S. settings (Betancourt, Abdi, Ito, Lilienthal, Agalab, & Ellis, 2015;Yako, & Biswas, 2014). Even well-meaning program staff may send subtle messages negative messages about perceived deficits of immigrant families (e.g., stereotypes about lack of value of education, absent fathers, and culture of poverty) that create barriers to parental involvement and student engagement (Jimenez-Castellanos, & Gonzalez, 2013).…”