Weak motor cortex contribution to the quadriceps activity during human walking

Iglesias, Caroline; Lourenço, Gisele Caroline Urbano; Marchand‐Pauvert, Véronique

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.10.006

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…One possible explanation for this could be that these muscles are under wide supraspinal control during early gait initiation. Indeed, there is growing evidence that the corticospinal control over distal muscles might be stronger than in proximal muscles during walking [49,50]. This descending control might be even more pronounced during gait initiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive behaviour of the spinal cord in the transition from quiet stance to walking

et al. 2012

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BackgroundModulation of nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) excitability was evaluated during gait initiation in 10 healthy subjects to investigate how load- and movement-related joint inputs activate lower spinal centres in the transition from quiet stance to walking. A motion analysis system integrated with a surface EMG device was used to acquire kinematic, kinetic and EMG variables. Starting from a quiet stance, subjects were asked to walk forward, at their natural speed. The sural nerve was stimulated and EMG responses were recorded from major hip, knee and ankle muscles. Gait initiation was divided into four subphases based on centre of pressure and centre of mass behaviours, while joint displacements were used to categorise joint motion as flexion or extension. The reflex parameters were measured and compared between subphases and in relation to the joint kinematics.ResultsThe NWR was found to be subphase-dependent. NWR excitability was increased in the hip and knee flexor muscles of the starting leg, just prior to the occurrence of any movement, and in the knee flexor muscles of the same leg as soon as it was unloaded. The NWR was hip joint kinematics-dependent in a crossed manner. The excitability of the reflex was enhanced in the extensor muscles of the standing leg during the hip flexion of the starting leg, and in the hip flexors of the standing leg during the hip extension of the starting leg. No notable reflex modulation was observed in the ankle muscles.ConclusionsOur findings show that the NWR is modulated during the gait initiation phase. Leg unloading and hip joint motion are the main sources of the observed modulation and work in concert to prepare and assist the starting leg in the first step while supporting the contralateral leg, thereby possibly predisposing the lower limbs to the cyclical pattern of walking.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive behaviour of the spinal cord in the transition from quiet stance to walking

et al. 2012

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“…M1 has been argued to directly drive muscles for steady-state walking [15][16][17][18][19][20][21], although the SMA has direct output to the spinal cord too [22][23][24][25]. Selective SMA and no M1 activation during imaginary locomotion suggests higher-order involvement of the SMA [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With data collected in this manner, functional cortical circuitry underlying stereotypical movement patterns can be identified by calculating Event Related Spectral Perturbations (ERSP), providing an assessment of average dynamic changes in power across the broad band EEG frequency spectrum as a function of time relative to experimental events. Alpha (7-12 Hz), beta (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) and gamma (30+ Hz) oscillations have shown strong movement-related modulations within the motor system [45][46][47][48][49]. Decreases of M1 oscillations in alpha and beta bands prior to and during movement (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG time-frequency analysis provides arguments for arm swing support in human gait control

2019

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“…For this reason, while EEG was recorded at 32 sites covering the entire scalp, the recordings over the putative SMA and the midline representation of the legs on the primary motor cortex (M1) were selected for detailed analysis. During continuous gait, both M1 and the SMA are implicated in directly driving the involved muscles [31,35,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. The stronger and more widespread connections of the SMA with the motor field of the contralateral cortex, compared to M1 [26,68,69], underscores the strong SMA involvement in the coordination of multi-limb movements [27,31,70].…”

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confidence: 99%

Pre-Movement Cortico-Muscular Dynamics Underlying Improved Parkinson Gait Initiation after Instructed Arm Swing

Weersink

Gefferie

Laar

et al. 2020

JPD

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Background: The supplementary motor area (SMA) is implicated in both motor initiation and stereotypic multi-limb movements such as walking with arm swing. Gait in Parkinson’s disease exhibits starting difficulties and reduced arm swing, consistent with reduced SMA activity. Objective: We tested whether enhanced arm swing could improve Parkinson gait initiation and assessed whether increased SMA activity during preparation might facilitate such improvement. Methods: Effects of instructed arm swing on cortical activity, muscle activity and kinematics were assessed by ambulant EEG, EMG, accelerometers and video in 17 Parkinson patients and 19 controls. At baseline, all participants repeatedly started walking after a simple auditory cue. Next, patients started walking at this cue, which now meant starting with enhanced arm swing. EEG changes over the putative SMA and leg motor cortex were assessed by event related spectral perturbation (ERSP) analysis of recordings at Fz and Cz. Results: Over the putative SMA location (Fz), natural PD gait initiation showed enhanced alpha/theta synchronization around the auditory cue, and reduced alpha/beta desynchronization during gait preparation and movement onset, compared to controls. Leg muscle activity in patients was reduced during preparation and movement onset, while the latter was delayed compared to controls. When starting with enhanced arm swing, these group differences virtually disappeared. Conclusion: Instructed arm swing improves Parkinson gait initiation. ERSP normalization around the cue indicates that the attributed information may serve as a semi-internal cue, recruiting an internalized motor program to overcome initiation difficulties.

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Weak motor cortex contribution to the quadriceps activity during human walking

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Adaptive behaviour of the spinal cord in the transition from quiet stance to walking

Adaptive behaviour of the spinal cord in the transition from quiet stance to walking

EEG time-frequency analysis provides arguments for arm swing support in human gait control

Pre-Movement Cortico-Muscular Dynamics Underlying Improved Parkinson Gait Initiation after Instructed Arm Swing

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