Weaning practice in the Glasgow longitudinal infant growth study

Savage, Shirley-Anne H; Reilly, John J.; Edwards, Christine; Durnin, J. V. G. A.

doi:10.1136/adc.79.2.153

Cited by 67 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Significant association of mother's single parent status associated with shorter breastfeeding was also found in other studies (Pande et al, 1997;Grjibovski et al, 2005;Erkkola et al, 2005). Similarly as in other studies (Savage et al, 1998;Hornell et al, 1999), no gender difference was found in the duration of total breastfeeding or introduction of non-milk foods or fluids, but boys were exclusively breastfed for longer. Opposite findings have been also reported (Pande et al, 1997;Erkkola et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Food consumption and feeding patterns of Czech infants and toddlers living in Prague

Kudlová

Rameš

2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To describe feeding patterns during first two years of life and their relation to sociodemographic factors. Design: Longitudinal study. Setting: Prague, Czech Republic. Subjects: Ninety-seven full-term healthy singletons enrolled at maternity ward, of which 90.7% completed the study. Methods: Diet was assessed at 9, 12 and 24 months of age using a structured 3-day dietary record. Additional information was obtained from questionnaires completed at birth and at 6 months. Results: The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 5 months, and that of total breastfeeding 9 months. Breastfeeding rate 47.4% at 9 months declined to 4.5% at 24 months. Total duration of breastfeeding was positively associated with maternal education and marital status but not with maternal age, gender or birth order. Breastfeeding frequency at 9, 12 and 24 months was 4.8, 4 and 3.7, respectively. The complementary food feeding frequency increased significantly with age (4.5, 4.7 and 5.9 times per day, respectively). All children at any age point consumed fruits, cereal and milk products. The proportion of children consuming meat and vegetables had increased with age but between ages 9 and 24 months, at least 23-38% children did not consume vegetables daily and 28-40% did not consume foods from meat/fish/poultry/eggs group daily. The proportion of children consuming milk and foods associated with the early complementary feeding period had fallen with age while the consumption of cereal foods other than porridge had increased. Values of indicators of adequate complementary feeding practices tentatively suggested in the context of WHO expert consultation had closely reflected breastfeeding rates. Conclusions: Breastfeeding duration is shorter than WHO recommends. It is influenced by maternal education and marital status. Compliance with complementary feeding recommendations is relatively good. Continued promotion of healthy infant and young child feeding practices is needed. Indicators evaluating complementary feeding practices should assess breastfeeding separately from other aspects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Food consumption and feeding patterns of Czech infants and toddlers living in Prague

Kudlová

Rameš

2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…This influence has been reported in other studies on mainly full-term infants (see, for example, Savage et al, 1998). The Infant Feeding 1995 study found that by 4 months 93% of infants fed infant formula had received solid food, compared with 84% of human milk-fed infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Savage and colleagues reported the median age of solid food introduction in full-term infants living in the Glasgow area was 11 weeks; and only 7% had not been weaned before 4 months of age (Savage et al, 1998). The authors reported that younger mothers from a lower socio-economic background tended to introduce solids to their infants at an earlier age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Factors affecting the introduction of complementary foods in the preterm infant

et al. 2002

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Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify current infant feeding practices among carers of preterm infants. Design: Structured interviews on milk and complementary feeding practices were conducted with mothers of preterm infants at intervals until infants were 12 months corrected age. Setting: Recruitment took place in three local Surrey hospitals over a 2 y period. Subjects: Two-hundred and fifty-three preterm infants (139 male, 114 female) including 33 sets of twins and three sets of triplets were recruited. Results: Forty-nine percent of the preterm infant group received first solid foods (the commencement of 'weaning') before the current Department of Health (DoH) guideline. The mean AE s.e.m. weaning age from birth was 17.1 AE 0.23 weeks. Ninety-five percent of the infants were weaned before the DoH guideline when the data was examined from term (mean 11.5 AE s.e.m. 0.21 weeks). Twenty-one percent were weaned before the DoH guideline for preterm infants which is that 'the infant weighs at least 5 kg' (mean 5.61 AE s.e.m. 0.01 kg). Human milk-fed infants were significantly lighter at weaning than combined milk-fed infants (5.32 AE 0.12 vs 5.72 AE 0.01 kg; P < 0.05) even though they were weaned at a similar age. Infant formula-fed infants (mean weaning age from term 10.2 AE 0.47 weeks) were weaned significantly earlier than both human milk-fed (11.9 AE 0.49 weeks; P < 0.05) and combined milk-fed (11.9 AE 0.25 weeks; P < 0.005) infants. Conclusions: The introduction of complementary foods varied widely between carers of preterm infants and compliance with DoH guidelines was poor. Further studies on preterm infants are necessary to see if weaning practices affect long-term growth and morbidity and to provide a basis for the development of appropriate recommendations. Sponsorship: This work was funded by the MAFF Food Intolerance Programme. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2002 Keywords: preterm infants; introduction of complementary foods; milk feeding Introduction About 5% of babies born in the UK are preterm and the number surviving is increasing as technology advances, as is apparent from the results of a survey in the north of England (Tin et al, 1997). The classification 'preterm' includes all infants born before 37 weeks gestation and does not take into account birth weight. This results in a very heterogeneous population.Guidelines on the introduction of complementary foods for infants are stated in the Department of Health (DoH, 1994) report, Weaning and the weaning diet. However, as little information exists on complementary feeding of preterm infants, guidelines for the introduction of foods other than human milk or infant formula in this group are less detailed and giving advice may present difficulties.The introduction of solid foods to complement human milk or infant formula or both (ie the weaning process), is recognised as one of the most crucial dietary events in an infant's life (Lanigan et al, 2001). If the process is begun too early this may cause development of allergic disease...

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“…Studies in Scotland found that the most common reason for offering solids was the perception that the infant was not satisf ied with milk feeds. 14,15 Focus groups revealed that some participants understood "introducing solids" to mean giving food on a spoon; study participants may not report giving rusks or cereal in a bottle if the researcher asks only about "introducing solids". 15 Most participants in the focus g roups had introduced solids before four months and had a poor understanding of the reasons why health authorities recommend delaying the introduction of solids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The introduction of breast milk substitutes and solid foods: evidence from the 1995 National Health Survey

Donath

Amir

2002

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To report the introduction of breast milk substitutes and solid foods to Australian children between 1992 and 1995. Methodology: Analysis of data from the 1995 Australian National Health Survey Infant feeding questions were asked by personal interview in respect to 3,252 children aged under four years of age. Results: By the age of 26 weeks, the majority of children had been given infant formula (56.9%) and solid food (61.5%). More than one‐quarter (27.1%) of children received cow's milk regularly during the first 12 months Only 7% of children were given solids in the first 12 weeks of life. Soy milk was given to 14.2% of children aged less than four years. Conclusion: The majority of children in Australia are not being exclusively breastfed for six months as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The intake of cow's milk before 12 months of age and the timing of introduction of solids needs to be monitored. Future surveys should collect more detail about type of infant formula so that the proportion of infants receiving soy‐based formula and other formula can be assessed.

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Weaning practice in the Glasgow longitudinal infant growth study

Cited by 67 publications

References 5 publications

Food consumption and feeding patterns of Czech infants and toddlers living in Prague

Food consumption and feeding patterns of Czech infants and toddlers living in Prague

Factors affecting the introduction of complementary foods in the preterm infant

The introduction of breast milk substitutes and solid foods: evidence from the 1995 National Health Survey

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