ObjectiveThis study evaluated the surface degradation effect of acidulated phosphate
fluoride (APF) gel exposure on the glassy matrix ceramics as a function of
time.Material and methodsDisc-shaped ceramic specimens (N = 120, 10/per ceramic material) were prepared in
stainless steel molds (inner diameter: 5 mm, height: 2 mm) using 6 dental
ceramics: 3 indicated for ceramic-fused-to-metal (Vita Omega 900, Carmen and Vita
Titankeramik), 2 for all-ceramic (Vitadur Alpha and Finesse® Low
Fusing) and 1 for both types of restorations (IPS d.SIGN). The specimens were wet
ground finished, ultrasonically cleaned and auto-glazed. All specimens were
subjected to calculation of percentage of mass loss, surface roughness analysis
and topographical description by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before (0 min)
and after exposure to 1.23 % APF gel for 4 min and 60 min representing short- and
long-term etching effect, respectively. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA
with repeated measures and Tukey`s test (α=0.05).ResultsSignificant effect of the type of the ceramics (p=0.0000, p=0.0031) and exposure
time (p=0.0000) was observed in both surface roughness and percentage of mass loss
values, respectively. The interaction factor between both parameters was also
significant for both parameters (p=0.0904, p=0.0258). Both 4 min (0.44±0.1
- 0.81±0.2 µm) and 60 min (0.66±0.1 - 1.04±0.3
µm) APF gel exposure created significantly more surface roughness for all
groups when compared to the control groups (0.33±0.2 - 0.68±0.2
µm) (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in percentage of
mass loss between the ceramics at 4 min (p>0.05) but at 60 min exposure, IPS
d.SIGN showed the highest percentage of mass loss (0.1151±0.11). The mean
surface roughness for Vita Titankeramik (0.84±0.2 µm) and
Finesse® Low Fusing (0.74.±0.2 µm) was
significantly higher than those of the other ceramics (0.59±0.1 µm -
0.49±0.1 µm) and Vita Titankeramik (p<0.05) regardless of the
exposure time. A positive correlation was found between surface roughness and
percentage of mass loss for all ceramic materials [(r=0.518 (Vitadur
Alpha), r=0.405 (Vita Omega 900), r=0.580 (Carmen), r=0.687 (IPS d.SIGN), r=0.442
(Finesse® Low Fusing), r=0.572 (Vita Titankeramik), Pearson`s
correlation coefficient)]. The qualitative SEM analysis showed evidence of
corrosive attack on all of ceramics at varying degrees.ConclusionsThe ceramics indicated for either metal-ceramic or all-ceramic restorations were
all vulnerable to surface texture changes and mass loss after short-term and
long-term APF gel exposure.