Wearable Electrochemical Sensors Based on Nanomaterials for Healthcare Applications

Abstract

Wearable electrochemical sensors have attracted great interest in health care applications because of their flexibility, biocompatibility, low cost and light weight. This review briefly focuses on the main concepts and methods that are related to the application of nanoparticles (NPs) in wearable electrochemical sensors. Moreover, attempts to bring together different perspectives and terms that are commonly used in NPs‐based wearable electrochemical sensors along with the introduction and discussion of common manufacturing methods and recent achievements. In the end, future challenges and prospects are also discussed on the development of wearable electrochemical sensors based on nanoparticles.

Advances in the noninvasive and minimally invasive sample collection for wearable electrochemical sensors

“…The wearable electrochemical sensors can detect the biomarkers in the human body fluids such as the tissue fluid, sweat, tears, and so on [28, 29]. As early as in 1997, Bantle et al.…”

“…The wearable electrochemical sensors can detect the biomarkers in the human body fluids such as the tissue fluid, sweat, tears, and so on [28,29]. As early as in 1997, Bantle et al has compared the relationship of the glucose concentration between blood and subcutaneous tissue fluid from 17 patients with type I diabetes and found a high correlation coefficient of 0.95, showing that it was feasible to measure the glucose concentration in tissue fluid to reflect the content of blood glucose [30].…”

Rapid and High-Density Antibody Immobilization Using Electropolymerization of Pyrrole for Highly Sensitive Immunoassay

“…The output module is easily integrated with wireless data collection/transmission systems and is easy to apply to wearable sensors. , The most important factor in EC immunosensors is the biorecognition layer, which interacts with the biological analyte. This biorecognition layer plays a role in target analyte specificity for biosensors such as antigen (Ag)–antibody (Ab) interactions .…”

Affinity‐Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors: Natural versus Biomimetic Receptors

“…During the last two years, several aspects of wearable sensing developments have been reviewed showing the high interest this field rises. The review articles include advances in wearable technology for remote healthcare monitoring, [3,4] drug monitoring, [5] glucose monitoring in real time, [6] physical activity monitorization, [7] deep tissue sensing, [8] wound infection detection, [9] bacterial infections in wounds, [10] detection of organic metabolites and drugs in sweat, [11] the use of electronic textiles, [12] paper-based devices, [13] contact lenses, [14] the use of electrochemically active materials, [15] Ti3 C2Tx MXene as electrodes' modifier, [16] Prussian Blue (PB) as electrochemical sensing material, [17] nanomaterials, [18] graphene-based materials, [19] or a general review on contributions in North America to this field. [20] In this article, we survey the latest affinity-based wearable electrochemical biosensors, using both natural and biomimetic receptors from a different point of view that in previously reported reviews which were focused either on the use of soft and flexible materials in affinity sensors and their evolution from conventional lateral-flow test strips to wearable/implantable devices [21] or early development of affinity assays and advances in the past decade, including a section on microchip, lab-on-a-chip, paper, and wearable sensors.…”

“…During the last two years, several aspects of wearable sensing developments have been reviewed showing the high interest this field rises. The review articles include advances in wearable technology for remote healthcare monitoring, [3,4] drug monitoring, [5] glucose monitoring in real time, [6] physical activity monitorization, [7] deep tissue sensing, [8] wound infection detection, [9] bacterial infections in wounds, [10] detection of organic metabolites and drugs in sweat, [11] the use of electronic textiles, [12] paper‐based devices, [13] contact lenses, [14] the use of electrochemically active materials, [15] Ti3 C2Tx MXene as electrodes’ modifier, [16] Prussian Blue (PB) as electrochemical sensing material, [17] nanomaterials, [18] graphene‐based materials, [19] or a general review on contributions in North America to this field [20] …”