Wearable Sensors Adapted to Extreme Environments Based on the Robust Ionogel Electrolytes with Dual Hydrogen Networks

Abstract

Nonvolatile ionogels are promising soft electrolyte materials for flexible electronics, but it is challenging to fabricate stable electrolytes with mechanical robustness. Here, through rationally optimizing the chemical structure of polymer matrix and ionic liquids, the high-performance ionogel electrolytes with mechanical robustness and stability were fabricated. There are double hydrogen bonding networks in the as-prepared ionogel electrolytes, one of which exists between the polymer chains while the other one existing between the polymer chains and ionic liquid molecules. By adjusting the content of the ionic liquid and the ratio of the two hydrogen bonding networks, the prepared ionogel electrolytes exhibit tunable properties with an elasticity of 1.3−30 kPa, a stretchability of more than 1800%, a fracture energy of 125.8−548.3 KJ m −3 , and a coordinated self-healing efficiency of 6.2−37.9% to satisfy the needs of different application scenarios. The assembled wearable sensors based on the high-performance ionogel electrolytes can be attached to a part of the human body, detecting various motions and body temperature. Benefiting from the nonvolatile and hydrophobic properties of the ionogel electrolytes, the wearable sensors can be operated under extreme environments including high/low temperature (−15 − 100 °C) and high humidity (100% relative humidity). It is believed that this work provides prospects for the application of wearable electronic devices.

Self-adhesive, self-healing, conductive organogel strain sensors with extreme temperature tolerance

“…The TCR is defined as follows: TCR = (Δ R / R 0 )/Δ T , where Δ T represents the change in temperature. 57 As shown in Fig. 4(c), the TCR also decreased with the increase of temperature.…”

Materials development in stretchable iontronics

“…Further, numerous studies have reported the virtue of synthetic variation of monomer-based IL-SICs. 89,90,[93][94][95][96][97][98][99][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] Recently, Sun et al reported a triboresistive touch sensor based on the ionic PDMS. 91 The ionic PDMS in that study was composed of hydrophilic PDMS and hydrophobic IL through H-bonding and van der Waals interactions (Fig.…”

“…To combine polymers with ILs, it is important to find appropriate interactions between the functional groups of polymers and ILs, as these interactions determine their compatibility. The polymers can be roughly classified as polymer-based type 52,74–88 and monomer-based type, 89–109 and the ILs are composed of diverse pairs of the cationic and the anionic units (Fig. 7a and b).…”

“…Further, numerous studies have reported the virtue of synthetic variation of monomer-based IL-SICs. 89,90,93–99,102–109…”

Highly Conductive, Transparent, Adhesive, and Self‐Healable Ionogel Based on a Deep Eutectic Solvent with Widely Adjustable Mechanical Strength

“…The designable composition and structure of ILs/polymer network as well as the synergistic effect between ILs and polymer matrix enable ionogels to integrate more favorable features. [ 29,30 ] As expected, significant research efforts have been devoted to the molecular design to achieve high‐performance ionogels. Well‐defined ionogels with highly effective energy dissipation networks, such as hybrid networks, nanocomposites networks, and double‐networks (DN structure), have been specially designed and fabricated.…”