Wearable sensors for ECG measurement: a review

Ramasamy, Sudha; Balan, A.S.S

doi:10.1108/sr-06-2017-0110

Cited by 106 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The most mature application of conductive‐fiber‐based physical sensors is to monitor bioelectrical signals (e.g., electroencephalograms (EEG), electrocardiograms (ECG), and electromyograms (EMG)) . The traditional monitor systems of bioelectrical signals were based on wet Ag/AgCl electrodes directly attached to the skin using an electrolyte gel.…”

Section: Fiber‐shaped Electronic Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application Challenges in Fiber and Textile Electronics

et al. 2019

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The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901971. (2 of 25)www.advmat.de www.advancedsciencenews.com energy and then deliver it to power other electronic devices whenever we want. The existing fiber-shaped energy storage devices include the supercapacitor, [15] the lithium (Li)-ion battery, [16] the lithium-sulfur battery, [17] the lithium-air battery, [18] the zinc-air battery, [19] the aluminum-air battery, [20] the sodiumion battery, [21] the zinc-ion battery, [22] and the silver-zinc battery. [23] Among them, the supercapacitor has been reported mostly due to the easy fabrication, and lithium-ion battery has laid the foundation for the development of other fiber-shaped batteries, which are thus discussed mainly in this review. 3) Light-emitting devices have been developed for various applications such as display, illumination, and photo therapy. According to the working mechanisms, there are electroluminescence, [24] mechanoluminescence, [25] photoluminescence, [26] thermoluminescence, [27] sonoluminescence, [28] and chemiluminescence. [29] Among these, fiber-shaped electroluminescent devices have been developed extensively due to their good controllability, driven by direct current (DC) [30] or alternating current (AC) [31] electrical method, which are expounded mainly later. 4) Fibershaped sensors have found great potentials in the field of wearable medical devices for fitness monitoring and medical diagnostics especially as aging populations grow. By virtue of the 1D structure, fiber-shaped sensors can be implanted into the body with little injure or they can detect multiple signals simultaneously after integration into a tiny unit. [32] Fiber-shaped sensors generally work via physical processes on the basis of conducting fiber [33] and optical fiber, [34] and chemical processes based on chemical ligand. [35] Thereinto, fiber optic sensors have already been used in petrochemical, electric power, medical, civil engineering, etc. The detailed discussions about the above three fiber-shaped sensors are presented in the later section.Despite the great progress made in fiber and textile electronics, we have to realize that most of the research results are far from practical applications due to several existing obstacles. The performances of fiber-shaped electronic devices are not good enough to attract investors. For instance, although fiber-shaped solar cells have achieved a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10%, [36] this value falls far below the certified efficiency of 24.2% for planar solar cells. [37] Besides, fiber-shaped electronic devices often decay in performance further as their lengths increase. Apart from low performances, scalable fabrication is another hard nut to crack if fiber-shaped electronic devices are to be commercialized. For one thing, researchers usually can only realize fiber-shaped electronic devices with the lengths from several to hundreds of millimeters at present owing to the absence of appropr...

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Section: Fiber‐shaped Electronic Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application Challenges in Fiber and Textile Electronics

et al. 2019

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“…However, the wet electrodes and electrolyte gel might bring skin rashes and allergies for the subjects. [ 129 ] Additionally, the conventional methods may restrain daily activities of the subjects, which are inconvenient for real‐time monitoring. To improve these situation, nanomaterial‐based dry electrodes in wearable ECG sensors for real‐time detection are studied.…”

Section: Health Status Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‐Enabled Wearable Sensors: Material Synthesis, Sensor Design, and Personal Health Monitoring

Peng

Zhao

Ping

et al. 2020

Small

166

105

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Wearable sensors have gained much attention due to their potential in personal health monitoring in a timely, cost‐effective, easy‐operating, and noninvasive way. In recent studies, nanomaterials have been employed in wearable sensors to improve the sensing performance in view of their excellent properties. Here, focus is mainly on the nanomaterial‐enabled wearable sensors and their latest advances in personal health monitoring. Different kinds of nanomaterials used in wearable sensors, such as metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials, hybrid nanocomposites, and bio‐nanomaterials, are reviewed. Then, the progress of nanomaterial‐based wearable sensors in personal health monitoring, including the detection of ions and molecules in body fluids and exhaled breath, physiological signals, and emotion parameters, is discussed. Furthermore, the future challenges and opportunities of nanomaterial‐enabled wearable sensors are discussed.

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“…Wet Ag/AgCl electrodes are highly inconvenient for long-term applications because they lead to skin rashes and allergies with prolonged use [154] and when replacing wet electrodes with dry ones, dry electrodes have been reported to compromise user's safety due to direct electrical contact between the skin and the electrode [155].Using non-contact capacitive coupled electrodes (CCEs) to overcome this safety issue may limit the use of ECG and ICG in continuous blood pressure monitoring [156]. Also, ECG and ICG provide spot measurement and are not suitable for long-term cardiac tracking for wearable devices worn on the wrist [157].…”

Section: Transducing Modalities and Materials For Non-invasive Blood mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Pressure Sensors: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Performance Evaluations and Future Perspectives

Al-Qatatsheh

Morsi

Zavabeti

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Advancements in materials science and fabrication techniques have contributed to the significant growing attention to a wide variety of sensors for digital healthcare. While the progress in this area is tremendously impressive, few wearable sensors with the capability of real-time blood pressure monitoring are approved for clinical use. One of the key obstacles in the further development of wearable sensors for medical applications is the lack of comprehensive technical evaluation of sensor materials against the expected clinical performance. Here, we present an extensive review and critical analysis of various materials applied in the design and fabrication of wearable sensors. In our unique transdisciplinary approach, we studied the fundamentals of blood pressure and examined its measuring modalities while focusing on their clinical use and sensing principles to identify material functionalities. Then, we carefully reviewed various categories of functional materials utilized in sensor building blocks allowing for comparative analysis of the performance of a wide range of materials throughout the sensor operational-life cycle. Not only this provides essential data to enhance the materials’ properties and optimize their performance, but also, it highlights new perspectives and provides suggestions to develop the next generation pressure sensors for clinical use.

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Wearable sensors for ECG measurement: a review

Cited by 106 publications

References 33 publications

Application Challenges in Fiber and Textile Electronics

Application Challenges in Fiber and Textile Electronics

Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‐Enabled Wearable Sensors: Material Synthesis, Sensor Design, and Personal Health Monitoring

Blood Pressure Sensors: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Performance Evaluations and Future Perspectives

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