The aims of the present study were (1) to identify to what extent school motivation and school commitment contributed to the explanation of students' academic achievement in addition to the effect of students' cognitive capacities, (2) to find out whether school commitment mediated the relation between school motivation and academic achievement, and (3) to find out whether school motivation mediated the relation between school commitment and academic achievement. New in the field is that perspectives from two different research traditions were adopted, resulting in a selection of variables introduced by identity development theory and by motivational theories on achievement goals. The overall goal was to provide insight in the underlying structure of the relationships among these variables by providing new empirical evidence derived from a large student sample. A sample of more than 6,000 secondary school students from the Netherlands was therefore used in the study. Path models (structural equation models) were used to analyse the data. Fit indices of the final model were satisfactory. This model included students' cognitive capacities, three motivation factors (performance, social, and extrinsic motivation; mastery was excluded) and one commitment component (indepth exploration; the 'commitment' and 'reconsideration of commitment' components were excluded). The results showed small effects of performance (+), social (+), and extrinsic (-) motivation on academic achievement in addition to students' cognitive capacities. A very small negative effect was found for in-depth exploration. In-depth exploration mediated the motivation -achievement relationships to a limited extent. Suggestions for further research are discussed.Keywords: school motivation; school commitment; cognitive capacities; academic achievement; identity development theory; achievement goal theory
IntroductionThe purpose of the present study was to better understand the underlying structure of the relationships among school motivation, school commitment, and academic achievement of students in secondary education. School motivation is derived from the achievement goal framework. The school commitment construct follows from identity development theory, referring to students' feelings of being committed to school.The relation between motivation and achievement has received ample attention in the literature (for recent meta-analyses using achievement goal theory see Huang, 2012;Hulleman, Schrager, Bodmann, & Harackiewicz, 2010). However, within the widely used achievement goal framework, the focus is usually on a limited set of achievement goals (i.e. mastery and performance goals). Maehr (1984) suggested that also social solidarity goals and extrinsic goals should be considered when studying achievement goals in educational settings, because students largely vary in their orientations toward learning. Therefore, all four suggested achievement goals are investigated in this paper as indicators of students' school motivation.The relatio...