Weather and Pheasant Populations in Southwestern North Dakota

Martinson, R.K.; Grøndahl, Carsten

doi:10.2307/3797886

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Extremes in climatic variation also can function as catastrophic events and have been associated with sudden largescale mortality in avian populations (Tompa 1971, Johnson et al 1991, Rogers et al 1991. Most studies have focused on the effect of climatic variation on reproductive output (Kostrzewa and Kostrzewa 1990, Rotenberry and Wiens 1991, Cooper and Lutjeharms 1992, Dykstra and Karasov 1993, Neal et al 1993, Swenson et al 1994, with less emphasis on the effect of this variation on survival (e.g., Martinson and Grondahl 1966, Peach et al 1994, Cézilly et al 1996. Few studies empirically examine the effects of climate, as a source of temporal variation, on the collective suite of life history traits of a single avian species (but see Grant 1989, Jouventin andWeimerskirch 1991), and the overall influence of such variation on population growth rates.…”

Section: Climate and Temporal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate, Habitat Quality, and Fitness in Northern Spotted Owl Populations in Northwestern California

Franklin

Anderson

Gutiérrez

et al. 2000

Ecological Monographs

498

571

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A controversy exists in the Pacific Northwest of the United States between logging of old-growth coniferous forests and conservation of Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) populations. This species has a strong association with old-growth forests that also have economic value as timber. Research questions relevant to conservation of this species include how temporal trends in Northern Spotted Owl populations are influenced and how spatial configuration of old-growth forests affects these populations. To address these questions, we studied a population of marked Northern Spotted Owls on 95 territories in northwestern California from 1985 through 1994. We examined the magnitude of temporal and spatial variation in life history traits (survival, reproductive output, and recruitment), the effects of climate and landscape characteristics on temporal and spatial variation in these traits, respectively, and how this variation affected aspects of population dynamics. We used a components-of-variation analysis to partition sampling from process variation, and a model selection approach to estimate life history traits using capturerecapture and random-effects models. Climate explained most of the temporal variation in life history traits. Annual survival varied the least over time, whereas recruitment rate varied the most, suggesting a ''bet-hedging'' life history strategy for the owl. A forecast of annual rates of population change (), estimated from life history traits, suggested that Northern Spotted Owl populations may change solely due to climate influences, even with unchanging habitat conditions. In terms of spatial variation, annual survival on territories was positively associated both with amounts of interior old-growth forest and with length of edge between those forests and other vegetation types. Reproductive output was negatively associated with interior forest, but positively associated with edge between mature and old-growth conifer forest and other vegetation types. A gradient existed in territoryspecific estimates of fitness derived from these life history estimates. This gradient suggested that a mosaic of older forest interspersed with other vegetation types promoted high fitness in Northern Spotted Owls. Habitat quality, as defined by fitness, appeared to buffer variation in annual survival but did not buffer reproductive output. We postulated that the magnitude of was determined by habitat quality, whereas variation of was influenced by recruitment and reproductive output. As habitat quality declines, variation in should become more pronounced.

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Section: Climate and Temporal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate, Habitat Quality, and Fitness in Northern Spotted Owl Populations in Northwestern California

Franklin

Anderson

Gutiérrez

et al. 2000

Ecological Monographs

498

571

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“…Hay cutting during the nesting season substantially lowers productivity (George et al , Warner and Etter ). Greater‐than‐average rainfall and cooler‐than‐average temperatures during the nesting period usually lead to lower reproductive success in the eastern part of the pheasant range, whereas drought is more likely to cause lower success in the west (Kozicky et al , Wagner et al , Martinson and Grondahl ).…”

Section: Pheasant Habitat Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pheasant responses to U.S. cropland conversion programs: A review and recommendations

2018

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We describe ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) habitat needs, historical U.S. cropland conversion programs (CCPs), research documenting pheasant responses to these programs, and make policy recommendations for programs to more efficiently elicit such responses. Cropland conversion program principles supported in the pheasant literature include establishment of an initial seeding, a multiyear contract structure, prohibition of mowing during the nesting season, promotion of forbs in seedings, provision of large-block enrollments options, and inclusion of midcontract management. These principles are compatible with the habitat needs of many other grassland bird species. We therefore recommend the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and any future CCPs retain these foundational aspects. Initial plantings of higher diversity seed mixes have become prioritized over time, but we note whatever increase in average habitat quality these standards achieved, it was not enough to prevent widespread pheasant declines following more severe statutory limitations on CRP acreage enrollments beginning in 2008, coupled with long-term declines in other habitat types (e.g., hay, pasture, small grains). When faced with a trade-off, we thus recommend emphasis of enrolled area over quality, provided enrolled herbaceous tracts provide adequate structure (!3 dm of 100% visual obstruction) and canopy cover components (>5% forbs and >5% bare ground). Efficiencies may also be gained by altering initial seeding rates, offsetting program costs using grazing income, allowing more discretion in the use of midcontract management, and prioritizing enrollments in focus areas. Individual states, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and bird conservation joint ventures should work cooperatively to share data and perform return-on-investment-oriented research at multiple spatial scales concerning the effects of CCPs on pheasants. Ó

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“…Banded samples suitable for calculating mortality rates are limited as a result of effects of the control program after banding. Hickey (1952) showed there was some correlation between direct recovery and mortality rates, and Martinson (1966) the calculated mortality rate was 47% (Lauckhart 1956) and the direct recovery rate, 5.3%. Based on this recovery rate, Martinson's (1966) regression predicts a mortality rate of 36%.…”

Section: Winter Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations of Mallards overwintering at Calgary, Alberta

Sugden,

Thurlow,

Harris

et al. 1974

The Canadian Field-Naturalist

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Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were investigated intermittently from 1957 through 1967 to determine why they failed to migrate, and to test methods for controlling their numbers which increased from 2,000 in the early 1950's to a peak of 14,000 in 1964-1965. Band returns showed that most Mallards originated from breeding grounds north of Calgary and most returned there the following spring. More than one half of the direct band recoveries from Mallards transferred from Calgary to coastal British Columbia were made in Alberta and a significant fraction of survivors returned to Calgary the next winter. Data are given on sex and age ratios, weight trends, and the incidence of shot wounds. Available food, open water, and protection from hunting were considered the main factors causing Mallards to forego migration. Of the control methods tried (no supplementary feeding, removal by transfer, scaring with acetylene exploders, and winter shooting within the city), cessation of feeding was the most acceptable and efficient way to reduce numbers.

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Weather and Pheasant Populations in Southwestern North Dakota

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Climate, Habitat Quality, and Fitness in Northern Spotted Owl Populations in Northwestern California

Climate, Habitat Quality, and Fitness in Northern Spotted Owl Populations in Northwestern California

Pheasant responses to U.S. cropland conversion programs: A review and recommendations

Investigations of Mallards overwintering at Calgary, Alberta

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