Weathering, Microbiol

Sand, Wolfgang; Jozsa, Peter-Georg; Mansch, R.

doi:10.1002/0471263397.env286

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The black crust coating monuments in urban environments supports microbial growth, as several nutrients required are available from external inputs (Gómez-Alarcón et al 1995a). Beyond the unsightly appearance of this change in the color of the stone, the black areas will absorb more light energy which increases physical stress induced by cycles of expansion / contraction associated with temperature changes (Sand et al 2002).…”

Section: Biodeterioration Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of techniques for the characterization and quantification of microbial colonization on stone monuments

et al. 2014

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Biodeterioration can be defined as any undesired change of the properties of a material caused by biological activity of living organisms. The biodeterioration of stone materials is related to the production of pigments (aesthetic action), to cell metabolism (biochemical action) and to the mechanical action of the biomass colonizing the material during its growth (physical action). Quantification of the sessile biomass and characterization of microbial communities colonizing stone are essential first steps to ensure the diagnosis of biodeterioration processes and to implement control strategies and appropriate treatment. Different destructive and non-destructive approaches can be used to sample stone specimens from monuments: scraping, swab using, and cutting. Different analytical methods can be used depending on the type of microorganism sought: determination of chlorophyll content and color analysis for pigmented microorganisms; measurement of in situ physiological activity of surface microcolonies by applying fluorogenic substrate analogues or confocal laser scanning microscopy observations after CTC staining for active biomass; scanning or transmission electron microscopy observation for biofilm visualization; enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for the investigation of both microorganisms that can and cannot be cultured; classical microbiological methods, which consist in cultivation of microorganisms on synthetic media; and molecular methods for the study of microbial biodiversity based on the polymorphism of molecular markers using PCR, hybridization, classical or high throughput sequencing. The aim of this review is to present basics of the different biodeterioration mechanisms and to focus on the main techniques that can be used to characterize and quantify the biodeterioration biomass.

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Section: Biodeterioration Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of techniques for the characterization and quantification of microbial colonization on stone monuments

et al. 2014

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“…Calcium can be leached from limestone surfaces or chelated, once solubilized from the matrix, by hexauronic acids, and carboxyl and hydroxyl groups [45].Organic acids like oxalic, citric, gluconic, malic, succinic, amino, and uronic acids may react with the stone via salt formation and complexation [46].According to SaizJiminez and Hermosin, the black crust coatings on the structures of building materials located in urban environments have all kinds of organic compounds present in aerosols and particulate matter, which are transferred by dry or wet deposition. The composition of each crust is governed by the composition of the vehicular emissions, and diesel engines have a strong influence [47].However, the direct impact of humic-like matter on the marble substrate was difficult to assess.…”

Section: Sem Study On Algal Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biochemical Onslaught of Anthropogenic Airborne Species on the Heritage Monument of the Taj Mahal

Banerjee¹,

Sarkar

2019

Heritage

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The science on the anthropogenic airborne aerosols impacting the World Heritage marble monument, the Taj Mahal, at Agra, has been studied in the light of modern physico-chemical approaches. The study is an effort to understand unrecognized airborne species which were found on the surface of the Taj Mahal monument. These species have been analyzed in the light of current analytical methods to impart characterization features and their possible impacts on the surface of the marble. Chemical constituents of these substrates, which were incorporated over the top surface of the monument, have been identified. Interestingly, the carbon particulates which were found on the micro level, popularly called “particulate matters”, have now been identified in the nano domain entity, which is chemically more reactive, and have been found on the surface of the monument. Because of their high chemical activity, these nano carbons have a newer chemistry in the presence of air and sunlight, generating several reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are capable of responding to complicated chemical reactions on the surface of the marble in association with deposited cyanophyceae and other deposits of plant origin, causing rapid degradation. This study provides the nature of the onslaught of such monuments exposed under the prevalent smoggy environmental scenario.

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“…Mineral structures can be weakened through the action of microbially-generated inorganic acids such as nitric and nitrous acids, sulfuric and sulfurous acids, and carbonic acid [54,55]. Sulfuric and sulfurous acids are produced by Acidithiobacillus species as well as Thiothrix, Beggiatoa [56] and some fungi [57].…”

Section: Bio-generation Of Inorganic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitric and nitrous acids are produced by ammonia and nitrite oxidising organisms, heterotrophic nitrifying organisms and some fungi [58][59][60]. Carbonic acid is the end product of energy metabolism when carbon dioxide reacts with water but it is a weak acid and unlikely to contribute greatly to mineral dissolution with the exception of carbonate minerals [55].…”

Section: Bio-generation Of Inorganic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic acids, such as oxalic, citric, gluconic, malic and succinic acids, together with amino acids, nucleic acids and uronic acids, can dissolve minerals via salt formation and complexation reactions [55,64,65]. Organic acids adhere to mineral surfaces and extract nutrient elements from mineral particles by electron transfer.…”

Section: Bio-generation Of Organic Acids and Chelating Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Biohydrometallurgical Metals Extraction from Polymetallic Mineral Resources

Watling

2014

Minerals

140

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This review has as its underlying premise the need to become proficient in delivering a suite of element or metal products from polymetallic ores to avoid the predicted exhaustion of key metals in demand in technological societies. Many technologies, proven or still to be developed, will assist in meeting the demands of the next generation for trace and rare metals, potentially including the broader application of biohydrometallurgy for the extraction of multiple metals from low-grade and complex ores. Developed biotechnologies that could be applied are briefly reviewed and some of the difficulties to be overcome highlighted. Examples of the bioleaching of polymetallic mineral resources using different combinations of those technologies are described for polymetallic sulfide concentrates, low-grade sulfide and oxidised ores. Three areas for further research are: (i) the development of sophisticated continuous vat bioreactors with additional controls; (ii) in situ and in stope bioleaching and the need to solve problems associated with microbial activity in that scenario; and (iii) the exploitation of sulfur-oxidising microorganisms that, under specific anaerobic leaching conditions, reduce and solubilise refractory iron(III) or manganese(IV) compounds containing multiple elements. Finally, with the successful applications of stirred tank bioleaching to a polymetallic tailings dump and heap bioleaching to a polymetallic black schist ore, there is no reason why those proven technologies should not be more widely applied.

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Weathering, Microbiol

Abstract: Microorganisms Involved in Biodeterioration Microbial Mechanisms Contributing to Bioweathering Materials, Properties, and Examples of Complex Weathering Processes Simulation of Microbial Weathering

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

An overview of techniques for the characterization and quantification of microbial colonization on stone monuments

An overview of techniques for the characterization and quantification of microbial colonization on stone monuments

Chemical and Biochemical Onslaught of Anthropogenic Airborne Species on the Heritage Monument of the Taj Mahal

Review of Biohydrometallurgical Metals Extraction from Polymetallic Mineral Resources

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