Weathering of limestone building material by mixed sulfate solutions. Characterization of stone microstructure, reaction products and decay forms

Cardell, Carolina; Benavente, David; Rodríguez-Gordillo, J.

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2007.12.003

Cited by 116 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Compositional and textural features of stone materials are acknowledged to be determining factors in the efficiency of the response offered against attack by aggressive environmental agents. In particular, mineralogical and chemical composition, grain size distribution and porosity all represent important properties that control, on the whole, the kinetics of degradation processes and the durability of stone materials (Winkler 1982;Amoroso and Fassina 1983;Camuffo 1986;Theoulakis and Moropoulou 1999;Moropoulou et al 2001;Benavente et al 2004;Cardell et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

2012

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Blackening and disaggregation of exposed surfaces of stone monuments are well-known effects of stone decay taking place in polluted urban environments all over the world. This paper aims to assess the contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate (TSP) causing permanent damage (black crusts) to the stone monuments of Catania (Sicily), one of the most popular ''cities of art'' of southern Italy. Atmospheric pollution of Catania, a typical Mediterranean coastal town, is mainly contributed by vehicle exhaust emissions rather than industrial ones. Episodically, the city also suffers gaseous and ash emissions (plumes) from the nearby Mount Etna volcano. Thus, to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic contributions to stone decay on Catania monuments, black crusts and TSP were sampled within the urban area and subjected to specific analytical procedures (optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry, ionic chromatography and dual inlet mass spectrometry). Mineralogical, chemical and isotopic characterization of black crusts and TSP provided new insights concerning the partition of sulfate sources in this particular urban context. The influence of Mount Etna emissions on both TSP and black crusts compositions was shown. Nevertheless, the key role of anthropogenic sources in the total sulfate budget was confirmed, while sea spray and volcanic emissions were found to make subordinate contributions. Quantitative data useful for the identification of the threshold pollution levels for preventive conservation of Catania monuments were obtained.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

2012

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“…The characteristic that makes this rock particularly apt for construction is its ready workability. Nonetheless, its high porosity limits its durability considerably (7,14,15,(19)(20)(21)(22) Olivillo travertine (Figure 1c), quarried at Alhama in the province of Almería, is commonly used in modern architecture and a candidate for use in the restoration of historic buildings (24). From a construction standpoint, travertine stone is a high-strength, abrasion-resistant material.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…La principal cualidad de esta roca en su uso como material de construcción es la facilidad para ser labrada; sin embargo su alta porosidad hace que también sea un material de escasa durabilidad (7,14,15,(19)(20)(21)(22) A second, scantly studied example is to be found in the travertine once quarried at Alfacar and used to build San Jerónimo Monastery, the Royal Hospital and three churches: San Justo, San Justo y Pastor and El Salvador. In some restoration interventions, Alfacar travertine has been replaced by Albox and Alhama, quarried at a number of sites in the province of Almería (Eastern Andalusia).…”

Section: Materialesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluación de las propiedades físicas de dos rocas carbonáticas usadas como material de construcción actual e histórico en Andalucía Oriental, España

Urosevic¹,

Pardo²,

Ruíz-Agudo³

et al. 2010

Mater. construcc.

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“…[32,33,34]). As rain is thought to discharge the salts from the surface, the coating was therefore washed in order to simulate the effect of rain.…”

Section: Gixd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of a bacterial carbonate coating on plaster samples subjected to the Calcite Bioconcept biomineralization technique

Anne

Rozenbaum

Andreazza

et al. 2010

Construction and Building Materials

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Degradation of historical buildings is mainly due to the intrusion of water which is the main vector of pollutants. Different types of surface treatment have been proposed to avoid or limit this effect. One alternative to chemical treatments is the use of the carbonatogenesis property of some bacteria. This bacterial production has been evidenced on concrete and on limestone samples in an aqueous environment. However, the carbonate production was measured indirectly and the experimental protocol was far from real conditions of use. In this paper, with the same protocol as an industrial one, and using a surface selective investigation method, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, we show the structural and morphological evolution of the carbonate coating produced on model plaster samples. This substrate was chosen in order to unambiguously detect the bacterial carbonate production.

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Weathering of limestone building material by mixed sulfate solutions. Characterization of stone microstructure, reaction products and decay forms

Cited by 116 publications

References 29 publications

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

Evaluación de las propiedades físicas de dos rocas carbonáticas usadas como material de construcción actual e histórico en Andalucía Oriental, España

Evidence of a bacterial carbonate coating on plaster samples subjected to the Calcite Bioconcept biomineralization technique

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