Weathering of the balustrade on st. paul's cathedral, London

Sharp, A.; Trudgill, Stephen; Cooke, R. U.; Price, Clifford; Crabtree, R. W.; Pickles, A. M.; Smith, David

doi:10.1002/esp.3290070410

Cited by 52 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…In nature weathering will be different due to the complexity of the natural situation, inducing non-uniform weathering both cross-temporally and locationally (e.g. Sharp et al, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the dissolution of weathered versus unweathered limestone in carbonic acid solutions of varying strength

Thornbush

Viles

2006

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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A simulation was undertaken within a climatic chamber to investigate limestone dissolution under varied carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) strengths as a possible analogue for future increases in atmospheric CO 2 arising from global warming. Twenty-eight samples cut from a block of Bath (Box Hill) limestone from Somerville College, Oxford, which had been removed during restoration after 150 years in an urban environment, were weighed and placed in closed bottles of thin plastic containing varying concentrations of H 2 CO 3 . Half of the stone samples were derived from exposed surfaces of the stone block (weathered) while the others were obtained from the centre of the block on unexposed surfaces (unweathered). The purpose of this was to compare dissolution of previously weathered versus unweathered surfaces in strong (pH 4·73) versus weak (pH 6·43) solutions of H 2 CO 3 . A temperature of c. 19°C was maintained within the chamber representing a plausible future temperature in Oxford for the year 2200 given current warming scenarios. The simulation lasted 25 days with a few stone samples being removed midway. Stone samples show reduced weight in all cases but one. There was greater dissolution of stone samples in a strong H 2 CO 3 solution as conveyed by higher concentrations of total hardness and Ca 2+ + + + + in the water samples as well as enhanced microscopic dissolution features identified using SEM. The simulation confirms that enhanced atmospheric CO 2 under global warming, given adequate moisture, will accelerate dissolution rates particularly of newly replaced limestone building stones. However, previously weathered surfaces, such as those on historical stone exposed for a century or more, appear to be less susceptible to the effects of such increased rainfall acidity. Conservation techniques which remove weathered surfaces, such as stone cleaning, may accelerate future decay of historical limestone structures by increasing their susceptibility to dissolution. Copyright Figure 1. A weathered Box Hill stone sample (WE2-S) before the simulation (dimensions 4 × 4 × 1 cm). Showing the rough appearance of previously weathered stone samples, with soiling accumulating particularly in concavities on the surface. impact on the results for water chemistry, especially pH, potentially contributing to the greater acidity of some postexperimental water samples.

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“…In nature weathering will be different due to the complexity of the natural situation, inducing non-uniform weathering both cross-temporally and locationally (e.g. Sharp et al, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the dissolution of weathered versus unweathered limestone in carbonic acid solutions of varying strength

Thornbush

Viles

2006

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…It has been used on steeply sloping and vertical surfaces by a number of authors, with no real discussion of accuracy when used on non-horizontal surfaces (e.g. Trudgill, 1976;Sharp et al, 1982;Viles and Trudgill, 1984;Trudgill et al, 1989, 1990, 1991, Smith et al, 19952001;Furlani et al, 2009). Stephenson and Finlayson (2009) suggest that the effectiveness of the Kelvin clamp is reduced when the bolts are not on a horizontal plane and do not recommend placing the MEM on sloping or vertical surfaces.…”

Section: Methodology and Study Locationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an improved understanding of erosion rates and tidal notch development on limestone coasts in the Tropics: 10 years of micro‐erosion meter measurements, Phang Nga Bay, Thailand

Moses

Robinson

Kázmér

et al. 2014

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Knowledge and understanding of shore platform erosion and tidal notch development in the tropics and subtropics relies mainly on short-term studies conducted on recently deposited carbonate rocks, predominantly Holocene and Quaternary reef limestones and aeolianites. This paper presents erosion rates, measured over a ten year period on notches and platforms developed on the Permian, Ratburi limestone at Phang Nga Bay, Thailand. In so doing it contributes to informing a particular knowledge gap in our understanding of the erosion dynamics of shore platform and tidal notch development in the tropics and subtropics -notch erosion rates on relatively hard, ancient limestones measured directly on the rock surface using a microerosion meter

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“…As appreciation of the value of historic preservation and heritage tourism grows, weathering geomorphologists are making notable contributions to research in stone conservation. Studies of stone decay have examined tombstones (Cooke et al, 1995;Meierding, 2004), megaliths (Pope and Miranda, 2004), cathedrals, (Sharp et al, 1982), and petroglyphs (Sjöberg, 1994), often taking advantage of the "natural laboratory" offered by dated rock of known origin and exposure history. A recent spate of publications on interdisciplinary research on stone conservation in urban areas highlights the importance of this growing body of research by geomorphologists (Smith and Warke, 1996;Jones and Wakefield, 1999;Siegesmund et al, 2002;Mitchell and Searle, 2004).…”

Section: Applied Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weathering Geomorphology: Theoretical and Methodological Themes

Nordberg

Turkington

2004

Physical Geography

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The history of geomorphic thought may be summarized as a series of dominant theoretical or methodological trends consisting of natural law and classification, W. M. Davis's geographical cycle and denudation chronology, process geomorphology, systems analysis, and the more contemporary nonlinear dynamical systems approaches. This history may be an apt description of the development of certain geomorphic subfields over the last 100 years, but it does not properly describe the history of rock weathering research. Despite being an integral component of much geomorphic work, the focus of weathering geomorphology has been on qualitative research, with less emphasis on geomorphic theory. This anomalous development is in part a reflection of the specific research questions addressed and the availability or adoption of analytical techniques. Additionally, the differing path reflects the applied nature of the research conducted and disciplinary differences between weathering researchers and other geomorphologists. The authors call for a closer examination of the historical developments and trends within all subfields of geomorphology in order to provide a better understanding of the discipline itself. In terms of weathering geomorphology, there is also a need for greater promotion of the importance of weathering processes to geomorphologists and recognition of disciplinary commonalities. [Key words: history of geomorphology, weathering geomorphology, theory, methodology.]

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Weathering of the balustrade on st. paul's cathedral, London

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Simulation of the dissolution of weathered versus unweathered limestone in carbonic acid solutions of varying strength

Simulation of the dissolution of weathered versus unweathered limestone in carbonic acid solutions of varying strength

Towards an improved understanding of erosion rates and tidal notch development on limestone coasts in the Tropics: 10 years of micro‐erosion meter measurements, Phang Nga Bay, Thailand

Weathering Geomorphology: Theoretical and Methodological Themes

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