Web-based E-survey in identifying current physiotherapy practices in paediatric burns

Kaur, Daljit; Sharma, Neha; Samuel, Asir John

doi:10.1016/j.burns.2023.01.009

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The long gamma-ray burst (GRB) GRB 221009A was likely the brightest GRB ever detected (Burns et al 2023). The observation of the prompt emission was initially reported by Fermi/GBM (T 0 = 13:17:00 UTC) (Veres et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Soft gamma-ray spectral and time evolution of the GRB 221009A: Prompt and afterglow emission with INTEGRAL/IBIS-PICsIT

Rodi¹,

Ubertini²

2023

A&A

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Aims. The gamma-ray burst (GRB) 221009A, with its extreme brightness, has provided the opportunity to explore GRB prompt and afterglow emission behavior on short timescales with high statistics. In conjunction with detection up to very-high-energy gamma rays, studies of this event shed light on the emission processes at work in the initial phases of GRBs' emission. Methods. Using INTEGRAL/IBIS's soft gamma-ray detector, PICsIT (200−2600 keV), we studied the temporal and spectral evolution during the prompt phase and the early afterglow period. Results. We found a "flux-tracking" behavior with the source spectrum "softer" when brighter. However, the relationship between the spectral index and the flux changes during the burst. The PICsIT light curve shows that afterglow emission begins to dominate at ∼ T 0 + 630 s and decays with a slope of 1.6 ± 0.2, consistent with the slopes reported at soft X-rays.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Soft gamma-ray spectral and time evolution of the GRB 221009A: Prompt and afterglow emission with INTEGRAL/IBIS-PICsIT

Rodi¹,

Ubertini²

2023

A&A

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“…Such an exceptional brightness resulted from the combination of a high intrinsic luminosity and close distance (745 Mpc; Malesani et al 2023). It has been estimated that the occurrence of a burst of this luminosity within this distance might be once every 10,000 yr (Burns et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it was soon realized that it was the afterglow of a very bright and long GRB, which had been detected with the Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM; 10 keV-25 MeV) on board Fermi about 1 hr earlier (Kennea et al 2022;Veres et al 2022). 12 GRB 221009A is the brightest GRB ever observed (Burns et al 2023): most of the X-/gamma-ray instruments were saturated (or strongly affected by dead time or pileup) during the peak of its emission. Such an exceptional brightness resulted from the combination of a high intrinsic luminosity and close distance (745 Mpc; Malesani et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo

Tiengo

Pintore

Beatrice

et al. 2023

ApJL

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GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever detected that has occurred at low Galactic latitude. Owing to this exceptional combination, its prompt X-ray emission could be detected for weeks in the form of expanding X-ray rings produced by scattering in Galactic dust clouds. We report on the analysis of 20 rings, generated by dust at distances ranging from 0.3 to 18.6 kpc, detected during two X‐ray Multi Mirror (XMM)-Newton observations performed about 2 and 5 days after the GRB. By fitting the spectra of the rings with different models for the dust composition and grain size distribution, we reconstructed the spectrum of the GRB prompt emission in the 0.7–4 keV energy range as an absorbed power law with photon index Γ = 1–1.4 and absorption in the host galaxy N H,z = (4.1–5.3) × 1021 cm−2. Taking into account the systematic uncertainties regarding the column density of dust contained in the clouds producing the rings, the 0.5–5 keV fluence of GRB 221009A can be constrained between 10−3 and 7 × 10−3 erg cm−2. Both the fluence and the photon index indicate the presence of a possible soft excess with respect to the extrapolation of the main GRB peak observed at higher energies.

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“…The long-duration GRB 221009A is, by any measure, the brightest GRB to have been discovered in more than 50 yr of sky-monitoring and out of ∼10,000 GRBs. Rate estimates suggest bursts like it should occur only once every few centuries (Burns et al 2023;Malesani et al 2023;Williams et al 2023). Furthermore, it is the first GRB to have emission detected at tens of teraelectronvolts (Dzhappuev et al 2022;Huang et al 2022), and its afterglow has been observed from the γ-ray to radio as part of intensive follow-up (e.g., Kann et al 2023;Laskar et al 2023;O'Connor et al 2023;Williams et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The First JWST Spectrum of a GRB Afterglow: No Bright Supernova in Observations of the Brightest GRB of all Time, GRB 221009A

Levan

Lamb

Schneider

et al. 2023

ApJL

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We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the afterglow of GRB 221009A, the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed. This includes the first mid-IR spectra of any GRB, obtained with JWST/Near Infrared Spectrograph (0.6–5.5 micron) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (5–12 micron), 12 days after the burst. Assuming that the intrinsic spectral slope is a single power law, with F ν ∝ ν −β , we obtain β ≈ 0.35, modified by substantial dust extinction with A V = 4.9. This suggests extinction above the notional Galactic value, possibly due to patchy extinction within the Milky Way or dust in the GRB host galaxy. It further implies that the X-ray and optical/IR regimes are not on the same segment of the synchrotron spectrum of the afterglow. If the cooling break lies between the X-ray and optical/IR, then the temporal decay rates would only match a post-jet-break model, with electron index p < 2, and with the jet expanding into a uniform ISM medium. The shape of the JWST spectrum is near-identical in the optical/near-IR to X-SHOOTER spectroscopy obtained at 0.5 days and to later time observations with HST. The lack of spectral evolution suggests that any accompanying supernova (SN) is either substantially fainter or bluer than SN 1998bw, the proto-type GRB-SN. Our HST observations also reveal a disk-like host galaxy, viewed close to edge-on, that further complicates the isolation of any SN component. The host galaxy appears rather typical among long-GRB hosts and suggests that the extreme properties of GRB 221009A are not directly tied to its galaxy-scale environment.

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Web-based E-survey in identifying current physiotherapy practices in paediatric burns

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Soft gamma-ray spectral and time evolution of the GRB 221009A: Prompt and afterglow emission with INTEGRAL/IBIS-PICsIT

Soft gamma-ray spectral and time evolution of the GRB 221009A: Prompt and afterglow emission with INTEGRAL/IBIS-PICsIT

The Power of the Rings: The GRB 221009A Soft X-Ray Emission from Its Dust-scattering Halo

The First JWST Spectrum of a GRB Afterglow: No Bright Supernova in Observations of the Brightest GRB of all Time, GRB 221009A

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