Web‐based evaluation system for closing the education gap in Kampo medicine between facilities

Iizuka, Norio; Nakae, Hajime; Segawa, Makoto; Tanaka, Kōichiro; Fujita, Yusuke; Ogihara, Hiroyuki; Nakahara, Kyoko; Takeo, Eiichiro; Itasaka, Kazumasa; Hasunuma, Naoko; Hamamoto, Yoshihiko

doi:10.1002/tkm2.1207

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We developed a Kampo e-learning system utilizing Moodle ( https://moodle.org ), which is an open-source e-learning platform, and reported its educational usefulness ( 10 , 17 , 31 , 32 ). In this study, we evaluated tongue diagnosis ability using a Kampo e-learning/e-assessment system based on a standardized tongue image database and verified its practicality and reliability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Objective evaluation of tongue diagnosis ability using a tongue diagnosis e-learning/e-assessment system based on a standardized tongue image database

Segawa

Iizuka²,

Ogihara³

et al. 2023

Front. Med. Technol.

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BackgroundIn Kampo medicine, tongue examination is used to diagnose the pathological condition “Sho,” but an objective evaluation method for its diagnostic ability has not been established. We constructed a tongue diagnosis electronic learning and evaluation system based on a standardized tongue image database.PurposeThis study aims to verify the practicality of this assessment system by evaluating the tongue diagnosis ability of Kampo specialists (KSs), medical professionals, and students.MethodsIn the first study, we analyzed the answer data of 15 KSs in an 80-question tongue diagnosis test that assesses eight aspects of tongue findings and evaluated the (i) test score, (ii) test difficulty and discrimination index, (iii) diagnostic consistency, and (iv) diagnostic match rate between KSs. In the second study, we administered a 20-question common Kampo test and analyzed the answer data of 107 medical professionals and 56 students that assessed the tongue color discrimination ability and evaluated the (v) correct answer rate, (vi) test difficulty, and (vii) factors related to the correct answer rate.ResultIn the first study, the average test score was 62.2 ± 10.7 points. Twenty-eight questions were difficult (correct answer rate, <50%), 34 were moderate (50%–85%), and 18 were easy (≥85%). Regarding intrarater reliability, the average diagnostic match rate of five KSs involved in database construction was 0.66 ± 0.08, and as for interrater reliability, the diagnostic match rate between the 15 KSs was 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.38–0.65) for Gwet's agreement coefficient 1, and the degree of the match rate was moderate. In the second study, the difficulty level of questions was moderate, with a correct rate of 81.3% for medical professionals and 82.1% for students. The discrimination index was good for medical professionals (0.35) and poor for students (0.06). Among medical professionals, the correct answer group of this question had a significantly higher total score on the Kampo common test than the incorrect answer group (85.3 ± 8.4 points vs. 75.8 ± 11.8 points, p < 0.01).ConclusionThis system can objectively evaluate tongue diagnosis ability and has high practicality. Utilizing this system can be expected to contribute to improving learners’ tongue diagnosis ability and standardization of tongue diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the lecture, a common Kampo test, comprising 20 questions related to various fields of Kampo medicine, was conducted. An outline of the data analysis of the 20-question test was reported in a previous report (17). In this study, we focused on one question related to tongue diagnosis…”

Section: Study 2: Evaluation Of the Ability To Discriminate Tongue Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Objective evaluation of tongue diagnosis ability using a tongue diagnosis e-learning/e-assessment system based on a standardized tongue image database

Segawa

Iizuka²,

Ogihara³

et al. 2023

Front. Med. Technol.

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“…Recently, the usefulness of flipped classroom using an e-learning program in Kampo education has been reported ( 33 ). In addition, it should be noted that we previously conducted a WEB-based test for medical students to evaluate the learning effect of Kampo medicine in collaboration with several medical universities and reported its usefulness in learning management using information and communication technology ( 34 , 35 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of a Standardized Tongue Image Database for Diagnostic Education: Development of a Tongue Diagnosis e-Learning System

Segawa

Iizuka

Ogihara

et al. 2021

Front. Med. Technol.

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Tongue examination is an important diagnostic method for judging pathological conditions in Kampo (traditional Japanese medicine), but it is not easy for beginners to learn the diagnostic technique. One reason is that there are few objective diagnostic criteria for tongue examination findings, and the educational method for tongue examination is not standardized in Japan, warranting the need for a tongue image database for e-learning systems that could dramatically improve the efficiency of education. Therefore, we constructed a database comprising tongue images whose findings were determined on the basis of votes given by five Kampo medicine specialists (KMSs) and confirmed the educational usefulness of the database for tongue diagnosis e-learning systems. The study was conducted in the following five steps: development of a tongue imaging collection system, collection of tongue images, evaluation and annotation of tongue images, development of a tongue diagnosis e-learning system, and verification of the educational usefulness of this system. Five KMSs evaluated the tongue images obtained from 125 participants in the following eight aspects: (i) tongue body size, (ii) tongue body color, (iii) tongue body dryness and wetness, (iv) tooth marks on the edge of the tongue, (v) cracks on the surface of the tongue, (vi) thickness of tongue coating, (vii) color of tongue coating, and (viii) dryness and wetness of tongue coating. Medical students (MSs) were given a tongue diagnosis test using an e-learning system after a lecture on tongue diagnosis. The cumulative and individual match rates (%) (individual match rates of 100% (5/5), 80% (4/5), and 60% (3/5) are shown in parentheses, respectively) were as follows: (i) tongue body size: 92.8 (26.4/26.4/40.0); (ii) tongue body color: 83.2 (10.4/20.8/52.0); (iii) tongue body dryness and wetness: 88.8 (13.6/34.4/40.8); (iv) tooth marks on the edge of the tongue: 88.8 (6.4/35.2/47.2); (v) cracks on the surface of the tongue: 96.8 (24.0/35.2/37.6); (vi) thickness of tongue coating: 84.8 (7.2/21.6/56.0); (vii) color of tongue coating: 88.0 (15.2/37.6/35.2); and (viii) dryness and wetness of tongue coating: 74.4 (4.8/19.2/50.4). The test showed that the tongue diagnosis ability of MSs who attended a lecture on tongue diagnosis was almost the same as that of KMSs. We successfully constructed a tongue image database standardized for training specialists on tongue diagnosis and confirmed the educational usefulness of the e-learning system using a database. This database will contribute to the standardization and popularization of Kampo education.

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“…As a result, Kampo went into steep decline. Nevertheless, Kampo medicine has gradually reemerged and now occupies a considerable position in the field of medical practice and education ( 1 , 2 ). Its unforeseen significant effect is occasionally observed in patients with intractable diseases that western-style medicines don't work at all ( 3 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Editorial: Potentials of Kampo Medicine in Modern Society

Nakae

Takayama²,

Namiki³

2022

Front. Nutr.

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Web‐based evaluation system for closing the education gap in Kampo medicine between facilities

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Objective evaluation of tongue diagnosis ability using a tongue diagnosis e-learning/e-assessment system based on a standardized tongue image database

Objective evaluation of tongue diagnosis ability using a tongue diagnosis e-learning/e-assessment system based on a standardized tongue image database

Construction of a Standardized Tongue Image Database for Diagnostic Education: Development of a Tongue Diagnosis e-Learning System

Editorial: Potentials of Kampo Medicine in Modern Society

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