Web Building Behavior and the Phylogeny of Austrochiline Spiders

Evolutionary morphology of the hemolymph vascular system of basal araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

“…After that time, as new morphological and behavioral data accumulated, especially on austrochiloids and filistatids, and following a generational change, this arrangement started to be challenged. In particular, it was suggested that filistatids may represent a more basal branching, antedating the proposed reduction of posterior book lungs (Griswold et al, 2005;Lopardo et al, 2004). A recent analysis of genomic data (Bond et al, 2014) confirmed these suspicions, placing filistatids together with hypochilids (Fig.…”

The Morphology And Phylogeny Of Dionychan Spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

“…Subsequent analyses and new findings of morphological, behavioral, and molecular data revealed that the situation is much more complex than previously thought. The following four cases are crucial for this instability: (1) Austrochilines turned out to have presumably derived characters such as cylindrical gland spigots, both legs moving while combing cribellate silk, and median tracheae Lopardo et al, 2004;Ramírez, 2000); (2) a suite of primitive conditions were found in Filistatidae, such as M-shaped intestine, only leg IV moving while combing, and the presence of posterior book lung leaves in early juveniles Eberhard, 1988;Lopardo and Ramírez, 2007; this study); (3) several members of Palpimanoidea (Forster and Platnick, 1984) turned out to be nested inside Araneoidea (Schü tt, 2000(Schü tt, , 2002Rix et al, 2008;Blackledge et al, 2009;Lopardo et al, 2011); and, lastly and more surprisingly, (4) the leptonetid Archoleptoneta schusteri, supposedly well nested in the ecribellate Haplogynae, revealed a fullfledged cribellum and calamistrum (Ledford and Griswold, 2010). ENTELEGYNAE AND THE RTA CLADE:…”

Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)

“…Metabus ebanoverde Álvarez‐Padilla, 2007, builds horizontal webs with open hubs, fewer than ten radii, and fewer than 20 spirals (Fig. 4B), but other Metabus species seem to have denser webs (Lopardo et al ., 2004: fig. 16).…”