WebAssembly Modules as Lightweight Containers for Liquid IoT Applications

Mäkitalo, Niko; Mikkonen, Tommi; Pautasso, Cesare; Bankowski, Victor Ludvig Mathias; Daubaris, Paulius; Mikkola, R.; Beletski, Oleg

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74296-6_25

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Wasm binaries’ tiny size, low memory footprint, great isolation, fast booting (up to 100 times faster than containers), and response times make Wasm perfect for running workloads in edge and IoT devices. Adopting Wasm in edge environments (where resource-constrained nodes struggle to run container workloads) could lead to an increased number of simultaneously running services as compared with the current container throughput in the same environment [ 98 , 99 ]. Digging deeper into Wasm functioning, it is worth noting that when a Wasm binary is executed in the web browser, it uses the web APIs provided by the browser to interact with the required external components through appropriate system calls.…”

Section: Future Directions: the Horizon Beyond Containers-onlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud-Native Workload Orchestration at the Edge: A Deployment Review and Future Directions

Vaño

Lacalle

Sowiński

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Cloud-native computing principles such as virtualization and orchestration are key to transferring to the promising paradigm of edge computing. Challenges of containerization, operative models and scarce availability of established tools make a thorough review indispensable. Therefore, the authors have described the practical methods and tools found in the literature as well as in current community-led development projects, and have thoroughly exposed the future directions of the field. Container virtualization and its orchestration through Kubernetes have dominated the cloud computing domain, while major efforts have been recently recorded focused on the adaptation of these technologies to the edge. Such initiatives have addressed either the reduction of container engines and the development of specific tailored operating systems or the development of smaller K8s distributions and edge-focused adaptations (such as KubeEdge). Finally, new workload virtualization approaches, such as WebAssembly modules together with the joint orchestration of these heterogeneous workloads, seem to be the topics to pay attention to in the short to medium term.

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Section: Future Directions: the Horizon Beyond Containers-onlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud-Native Workload Orchestration at the Edge: A Deployment Review and Future Directions

Vaño

Lacalle

Sowiński

et al. 2023

Sensors

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show abstract

“…3) WASM: WebAssembly (WASM) is a portable low-level bytecode which offers a compact representation, efficient validation and compilation, and safe execution with little overhead [94]. While originally designed to run in web browsers, WASM has recently gained traction as a general-purpose compilation target for a number of programming languages and run environments [95].…”

Section: E Edge/fog Orchestrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomy and Intelligence in the Computing Continuum: Challenges, Enablers, and Future Directions for Orchestration

Kokkonen¹,

Lovén²,

Motlagh³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Future AI applications require performance, reliability, and privacy that the existing, cloud-dependant system architectures cannot provide. In this article, we study orchestration in the device-edge-cloud continuum, and focus on AI for edge, that is, the AI methods used in resource orchestration. We claim that to support the constantly growing requirements of intelligent applications in the device-edge-cloud computing continuum, resource orchestration needs to embrace edge AI and emphasize local autonomy and intelligence. To justify the claim, we provide a general definition for continuum orchestration, and look at how current and emerging orchestration paradigms are suitable for the computing continuum. We describe certain major emerging research themes that may affect future orchestration, and provide an early vision of an orchestration paradigm that embraces those research themes. Finally, we survey current key edge AI methods and look at how they may contribute into fulfilling the vision of future continuum orchestration.

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“…It has gained widespread adoption and is currently supported by 96% of all browser instances [5]. Moreover, WebAssembly is also being extended to desktop applications [6], mobile devices [7], cloud computing [8], blockchain virtual machines (VMs) [9][10][11], IoT [12,13], and embedded devices [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SoK: Analysis Techniques for WebAssembly

Harnes,

Morrison

2024

Future Internet

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WebAssembly is a low-level bytecode language that enables high-level languages like C, C++, and Rust to be executed in the browser at near-native performance. In recent years, WebAssembly has gained widespread adoption and is now natively supported by all modern browsers. Despite its benefits, WebAssembly has introduced significant security challenges, primarily due to vulnerabilities inherited from memory-unsafe source languages. Moreover, the use of WebAssembly extends beyond traditional web applications to smart contracts on blockchain platforms, where vulnerabilities have led to significant financial losses. WebAssembly has also been used for malicious purposes, like cryptojacking, where website visitors’ hardware resources are used for crypto mining without their consent. To address these issues, several analysis techniques for WebAssembly binaries have been proposed. This paper presents a systematic review of these analysis techniques, focusing on vulnerability analysis, cryptojacking detection, and smart contract security. The analysis techniques are categorized into static, dynamic, and hybrid methods, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses based on quantitative data. Our findings reveal that static techniques are efficient but may struggle with complex binaries, while dynamic techniques offer better detection at the cost of increased overhead. Hybrid approaches, which merge the strengths of static and dynamic methods, are not extensively used in the literature and emerge as a promising direction for future research. Lastly, this paper identifies potential future research directions based on the state of the current literature.

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WebAssembly Modules as Lightweight Containers for Liquid IoT Applications

Cited by 24 publications

References 22 publications

Cloud-Native Workload Orchestration at the Edge: A Deployment Review and Future Directions

Cloud-Native Workload Orchestration at the Edge: A Deployment Review and Future Directions

Autonomy and Intelligence in the Computing Continuum: Challenges, Enablers, and Future Directions for Orchestration

SoK: Analysis Techniques for WebAssembly

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