“…In addressing these questions, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) scores of traumatized youth with or without PTSD were compared to the scores of a nontraumatized comparison group. As lower intellectual performance has been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, substance dependence, and psychotic disorders (Brown, Tapert, Granholm, & Delis, 2000;Hodges & Plow, 1990;Kalska, Punamaki, Makinen-Pelli, & Saarinen, 1999;Nelson & Israel, 2003), participants with these disorders were excluded from the study.…”