Weeds as Latent Hosts of Ralstonia solanacearum in Highland Uganda: Implications to Development of an Integrated Control Package for Bacterial Wilt

Tusiime, G.; Adipala, E.; Opio, F.; Bhagsari, A. S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_63

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…1, weeds were sampled and considered for bacterial isolation if (i) they were prevalent in a field with a history of bacterial wilt, and/or (ii) they showed wilting symptoms, and/or (iii) they were already known as ‘hosts’, according to Hayward (1994), Janse et al. ( 2005) and Tusiime et al. (1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological evidence for the emergence of a new pathogenic variant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Martinique (French West Indies)

Wicker

Grassart²,

Coranson-Beaudu³

et al. 2009

Plant Pathology

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The emergence of a new genotype and pathogenic variant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Martinique is described. Bacterial wilt of solanaceous crops caused by phylotype-I and -II strains ('historical strains'), was reported in Martinique in the 1960s. From 1999, Anthurium and cucurbit production was strongly affected by strains described as a new pathogenic variant genotyped phylotype IIB/sequevar4NPB (phIIB/4NPB). The following questions concerning these strains were investigated: (i) were they introduced or endemic, (ii) was their distribution widespread in Martinique, and (iii) which factors could explain this emergence? This study examined 221 isolates collected from 1989 to 2003 after several surveys. The main survey (2002-03) included 115 vegetable and ornamental crop farms. From 1999 to 2001, these phIIB/4NPB strains were initially described as the 'Anthurium-cucurbit' strain. In 2003, they made up one-third of the isolates recovered from solanaceous hosts, particularly tomato. This pathogenic variant of R. solanacearum was consistently recovered from wild species and several weeds throughout Martinique, suggesting that these strains were well established in Martinique. Data reported are consistent with the emergence of a new population of R. solanacearum in Martinique, which has spread rapidly across the entire island and may overtake the previously established population, particularly on tomatoes. Evidence is presented which suggests that the emergence of these new strains is more frequent on vegetable crops when cucurbitaceous and musaceous plants are grown in succession.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological evidence for the emergence of a new pathogenic variant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Martinique (French West Indies)

Wicker

Grassart²,

Coranson-Beaudu³

et al. 2009

Plant Pathology

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“…The host range of R3B2 strains once was thought to be limited to potato and a few solanaceous relatives; however, it also can infect multiple other plants, most notably zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) (Janse et al 2004;Tusiime et al 1998, Williamson et al 2002. This ornamental occasionally has acted as a carrier of R. solanacearum, because cuttings for vegetative propagation are imported to North America and Europe from the highland tropics where the pathogen is endemic (Janse et al 2004;Kim et al 2003;Strider et al 1981;Williamson et al 2002).…”

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confidence: 96%

Identification of Open Reading Frames Unique to a Select Agent: Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2

Gabriel¹,

Allen²,

Schell³

et al. 2006

MPMI

110

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An 8x draft genome was obtained and annotated for Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (R3B2) strain UW551, a United States Department of Agriculture Select Agent isolated from geranium. The draft UW551 genome consisted of 80,169 reads resulting in 582 contigs containing 5,925,491 base pairs, with an average 64.5% GC content. Annotation revealed a predicted 4,454 protein coding open reading frames (ORFs), 43 tRNAs, and 5 rRNAs; 2,793 (or 62%) of the ORFs had a functional assignment. The UW551 genome was compared with the published genome of R. solanacearum race 1 biovar 3 tropical tomato strain GMI1000. The two phylogenetically distinct strains were at least 71% syntenic in gene organization. Most genes encoding known pathogenicity determinants, including predicted type III secreted effectors, appeared to be common to both strains. A total of 402 unique UW551 ORFs were identified, none of which had a best hit or >45% amino acid sequence identity with any R. solanacearum predicted protein; 16 had strong (E < 10(-13)) best hits to ORFs found in other bacterial plant pathogens. Many of the 402 unique genes were clustered, including 5 found in the hrp region and 38 contiguous, potential prophage genes. Conservation of some UW551 unique genes among R3B2 strains was examined by polymerase chain reaction among a group of 58 strains from different races and biovars, resulting in the identification of genes that may be potentially useful for diagnostic detection and identification of R3B2 strains. One 22-kb region that appears to be present in GMI1000 as a result of horizontal gene transfer is absent from UW551 and encodes enzymes that likely are essential for utilization of the three sugar alcohols that distinguish biovars 3 and 4 from biovars 1 and 2.

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“…Brown rot is a major source of potato crop losses in the tropical highlands worldwide, costing growers an estimated $950 million each year (2,12). The potato is only one host of R3bv2, however, as the strain also infects tomato plants, eggplant, and many wild and horticultural plants (13,25,34,47,52). Infected geranium cuttings have been accidentally introduced to North America and Europe from the highland tropics, although the bacterium has not become established in North America (25,29,40,41,53).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate Temperature Fluctuations Rapidly Reduce the Viability of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, Biovar 2, in Infected Geranium, Tomato, and Potato Plants

Scherf

Milling

Allen

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Most Ralstonia solanacearum strains are tropical plant pathogens, but race 3, biovar 2 (R3bv2), strains can cause bacterial wilt in temperate zones or tropical highlands where other strains cannot. R3bv2 is a quarantine pathogen in North America and Europe because of its potential to damage the potato industry in cooler climates. However, R3bv2 will not become established if it cannot survive temperate winters. Previous experiments showed that in water at 4°C, R3bv2 does not survive as long as native U.S. strains, but R3bv2 remains viable longer than U.S. strains in potato tubers at 4°C. To further investigate the effects of temperature on this high-concern pathogen, we assessed the ability of R3bv2 and a native U.S. strain to survive typical temperate winter temperature cycles of 2 days at 5°C followed by 2 days at ؊10°C. We measured pathogen survival in infected tomato and geranium plants, in infected potato tubers, and in sterile water. The population sizes of both strains declined rapidly under these conditions in all three plant hosts and in sterile water, and no culturable R. solanacearum cells were detected after five to seven temperature cycles in plant tissue. The fluctuations played a critical role in loss of bacterial viability, since at a constant temperature of ؊20°C, both strains could survive in infected geranium tissue for at least 6 months. These results suggest that even when sheltered in infected plant tissue, R3bv2 is unlikely to survive the temperature fluctuations typical of a northern temperate winter.

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Weeds as Latent Hosts of Ralstonia solanacearum in Highland Uganda: Implications to Development of an Integrated Control Package for Bacterial Wilt

Cited by 23 publications

References 3 publications

Epidemiological evidence for the emergence of a new pathogenic variant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Martinique (French West Indies)

Epidemiological evidence for the emergence of a new pathogenic variant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Martinique (French West Indies)

Identification of Open Reading Frames Unique to a Select Agent: Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2

Moderate Temperature Fluctuations Rapidly Reduce the Viability of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, Biovar 2, in Infected Geranium, Tomato, and Potato Plants

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