Weeds in Auckland vineyards

Clarke, Andrea; Honore, E. N.

doi:10.30843/nzpp.1973.26.8959

Cited by 2 publications

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“…This is likely driven by the limited amount of time they have to find mates in the period between successive high tides. This is similar to reports of the behaviour of Pontomyia spp., another intertidal chironomid genus found in the Caribbean, north-eastern Brazil, Japan, south-east Asia and Australia [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 58 , 59 ], and which has one of the shortest known insect adult lifespans (maximum of three hours for the winged males and the vermiform females) [ 54 ]. Even though adults were seen mating in the field, we did not directly observe oviposition but, given the distribution of larvae, this is likely to take place on or within algal mats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SIMPER procedure list was cut off when the accumulated contribution of each environmental variable reached 90%. Both analyses, PERMANOVA and SIMPER, were conducted using PRIMER-E v7 with the PERMANOVA+ add-on package [ 53 , 54 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the vast majority of T. magellanicus were found in the mid-tide zone, we carried out a more detailed analysis to assess how environmental factors influenced its presence in this zone. Here, we once again ran PRIMER-E v7 with the PERMANOVA+ add-on package [ 53 , 54 ], where abundances were transformed to presence/absence data and resemblance matrices created based on Euclidean distances [ 54 ]. Environmental data were normalized prior to generating the Euclidean resemblance matrices.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The output for the “Best” selection procedure in DistLM aims to provide the best 1-variable model, the best 2-variable model, and so on, on the basis of the chosen selection criteria [ 53 ]. DistLM seeks the most significant relationships between the similarity matrix and environmental variables by progressively modelling the matrix against the most influential variable, taking the residuals of that relationship, and then modelling the next most influential variable, and so on [ 54 , 57 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and Habitat Preferences of the Newly Rediscovered Telmatogeton magellanicus (Jacobs, 1900) (Diptera: Chironomidae) on Navarino Island, Chile

Simões

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Rendoll-Cárcamo

et al. 2020

Insects

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The habitat of the intertidal flightless midge Telmatogeton magellanicus (Jacobs, 1900) is described for the first time from the northern coast of Navarino Island, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Additionally, we report the first observations of adult behaviour in the wild. We delineate the species’ distribution across three tidal zones (high, mid and low), and identify substrate characteristics that favour the presence of the midge. The mid-tide zone was the key habitat utilized by T. magellanicus, with lower densities in the low-tide zone and no presence in the high-tide zone. There was a strong association between the presence of larvae and filamentous algae, especially Bostrychia spp. and, to a lesser extent, Ulva spp., as well as between larvae and the presence of larger, more stable boulders. As a result, the species’ overall distribution was widespread but patchy. We suggest that the main limiting factor is the relative humidity experienced in different habitats. One of the most striking features of the behavioural observations during data collection was the extremely active adults, which suggests high energy expenditure over a very short period of time. This may be due to the limited time available to find mates in a single low-tide period, when adults have about three hours after emerging from the pupa to complete mating and oviposition before inundation by the tide. The data presented here provide a baseline for future studies on this species’ ecology, phenology, physiology and general biology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and Habitat Preferences of the Newly Rediscovered Telmatogeton magellanicus (Jacobs, 1900) (Diptera: Chironomidae) on Navarino Island, Chile

Simões

Contador

Rendoll-Cárcamo

et al. 2020

Insects

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“…In a wider sense though, reliably interpreting pheromone trap-catch data can be fraught. Mealybugs are polyphagus, colonising vines and many groundcover plants commonly found in vineyard inter-rows in New Zealand (Clarke andHonore 1973, Charles 1981). Under these circumstances, the active space of a single pheromone-baited trap yield data that make it difficult to interpret if source mealybug populations originated from the vines, the groundcover plants or both habitats.…”

Section: Mealybug Biology Ecology and Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated strategy for managing Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 in red berry cultivars in New Zealand vineyards

Bell¹

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<p>To sustain growth and revenue projections, the New Zealand wine sector aims to produce premium quality wine to supply lucrative export markets. In grapevines, however, the presence of virus and virus-like diseases can negatively influence qualitative parameters of wine production. Where such risks are identified, sustainable remediation protocols should be developed. One risk factor is Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), an economically important virus of Vitis. In this thesis, I develop components of an integrated management plan with the aim of reducing and sustaining GLRaV-3 incidence at <1%. In Hawke’s Bay vineyard study blocks, three aspects related to GLRaV-3 management were explored between 2008 and 2013: Firstly, herbicide-treated vines and/or land left fallow after removing infected vines may mitigate the effects of GLRaV-3. Historically though, vine root removal was not well implemented, meaning persistent roots may be long term reservoirs for GLRaV-3. I tested the virus reservoir hypothesis in vineyard blocks where virus incidence of ≥95% necessitated removing all vines. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) detected GLRaV-3 in most remnant root samples tested, independent of the herbicide active ingredient applied (glyphosate, triclopyr, or metsulfuron) or the fallow duration (6 months to 4 years). On some virus-positive root samples, the GLRaV-3 mealybug vector, Pseudococcus calceolariae, was found, and after real-time PCR testing, virus was detected in some mealybugs. Thus, without effective vine removal, unmanaged sources of virus inoculum and viruliferous vectors could pose a risk to the health of replacement vines. Secondly, in most red berry cultivars, GLRaV-3 is characterised by dark red downward curling leaves with green veins. With visual diagnostics predicted to be a reliable identifier of GLRaV-3-symptomatic red berry vines, early identification could support a cost-effective and sustainable virus management plan. In blocks planted in Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, and Malbec vines, the reliability of visual symptom identification was compared with ELISA. In terms of sensitivity (binomial generalised linear model, 0.966) and specificity (0.998), late-season visual diagnostics reliably predicted virus infection. Moreover, accuracy appeared unaffected by the genetically divergent GLRaV-3 populations detected in Hawke’s Bay. Thirdly, by acting to visually identify and remove (rogue) symptomatic vines when GLRaV-3 incidence is low (<20%), an epidemic may be averted. In this ongoing study, an integrated approach to virus management was adopted in 13 well established Hawke’s Bay vineyard study blocks. All were planted in vines from one of five red berry cultivars. When monitoring commenced in 2009, all symptomatic vines visually identified (n=2,544 or 12%) were rogued. Thereafter, integrating visual diagnostics with roguing reduced virus incidence so that by 2013, just 434 (2.0%) vines were identified with virus symptoms. Annual monitoring revealed within-row vines immediately either side of an infected vine were most at risk of vector mediated virus transmission, although by 2013, just 4% of these vines had virus symptoms. Hence, roguing symptomatic vines only was recommended. In individual study blocks in 2013, virus management was tracking positively in four blocks; while in another four, results were inconclusive. In the remaining five blocks, contrasting but definitive results were evident. In three of those blocks, mean virus incidence of 10% in 2009 was sustained at ≤0.3% within 2-3 years of roguing commencing; in the other two blocks, mean incidence was 12% but cumulative vine losses of 37% (2011) and 46% (2013) culminated in roguing being replaced with whole block removal. In all five blocks, roguing protocols were standardised but in those with effective virus control, mealybug numbers were significantly lower in all years (mean: <0.2 per vine leaf; p≤0.036) relative to those where all vines were removed (mean: 0.4-2.3 per vine leaf). Overall, the results of this research suggest that rather than adopting a single management tactic in isolation, effective GLRaV-3 control instead requires an integrated plan to be implemented annually.</p>

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Weeds in Auckland vineyards

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Distribution and Habitat Preferences of the Newly Rediscovered Telmatogeton magellanicus (Jacobs, 1900) (Diptera: Chironomidae) on Navarino Island, Chile

Distribution and Habitat Preferences of the Newly Rediscovered Telmatogeton magellanicus (Jacobs, 1900) (Diptera: Chironomidae) on Navarino Island, Chile

An integrated strategy for managing Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 in red berry cultivars in New Zealand vineyards

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