Weight‐Related Differences in Salience, Default Mode, and Executive Function Network Connectivity in Adolescents

Borowitz, Michelle A.; Yokum, Sonja; Duval, Elizabeth R.; Gearhardt, Ashley N.

doi:10.1002/oby.22853

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The traumatic event did not create the FA but rather exacerbated her symptoms and severity by creating dependence on food for self-medication. Her weight gain may have reinforced incentive salience assigned to food stimuli [ 196 ]. Alma did not develop alcohol or drug problems due to important social factors during her upbringing where she witnessed the devastating impact they had on her father.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With respect to reducing FA symptoms and severity, it appears that earlier intervention matters, given that ELA does not lead to obesity immediately but develops over time [ 227 , 228 ]. Recently, there have been recommendations for interventions among adolescents that promote executive functioning in the context of salience and reward processing [ 196 ]. Among adolescents with obesity ( n = 18), an FA-informed mobile health (app) intervention reduced zBMI in a more cost-effective manner than the in-clinic intervention, and there is currently an RCT underway in a larger sample using this approach [ 229 , 230 ].…”

Section: Interventions For Food Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Wiss

Brewerton

2020

Nutrients

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Converging evidence from both animal and human studies have implicated hedonic eating as a driver of both binge eating and obesity. The construct of food addiction has been used to capture pathological eating across clinical and non-clinical populations. There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of a food addiction “diagnosis” among those with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa binge/purge-type, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Much of the food addiction research in eating disorder populations has failed to account for dietary restraint, which can increase addiction-like eating behaviors and may even lead to false positives. Some have argued that the concept of food addiction does more harm than good by encouraging restrictive approaches to eating. Others have shown that a better understanding of the food addiction model can reduce stigma associated with obesity. What is lacking in the literature is a description of a more comprehensive approach to the assessment of food addiction. This should include consideration of dietary restraint, and the presence of symptoms of other psychiatric disorders (substance use, posttraumatic stress, depressive, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity) to guide treatments including nutrition interventions. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians identify the symptoms of food addiction (true positives, or “the signal”) from the more classic eating pathology (true negatives, or “restraint”) that can potentially elevate food addiction scores (false positives, or “the noise”). Three clinical vignettes are presented, designed to aid with the assessment process, case conceptualization, and treatment strategies. The review summarizes logical steps that clinicians can take to contextualize elevated food addiction scores, even when the use of validated research instruments is not practical.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interventions For Food Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Wiss

Brewerton

2020

Nutrients

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“…We focused on the putamen as it has major implications for risk-taking, impulsivity, and sensation seeking, all related to children’s BMI [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. We hypothesized that putamen functional connectivity to the salience network would be related to BMI (Hypothesis 1) [ 55 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. In line with the MDRs phenomenon, we expected a weaker association between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and BMI for Non-Hispanic Black children in comparison with Non-Hispanic White children (Hypothesis 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting-State Functional Connectivity between Putamen and Salience Network and Childhood Body Mass Index

Assari

Boyce

2021

Neurology International

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Introduction: Although the putamen has a significant role in reward-seeking and motivated behaviors, including eating and food-seeking, minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) suggest that individual-level risk and protective factors have weaker effects for Non-Hispanic Black than Non-Hispanic White individuals. However, limited research is available on the relevance of MDRs in terms of the role of putamen functional connectivity on body mass index (BMI). Purpose: Building on the MDRs framework and conceptualizing race and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators as social constructs, we explored racial and SES differences in the associations between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children’s BMI. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of 6473 9–10-year-old Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The primary independent variable was putamen functional connectivity to the salience network, measured by fMRI. The primary outcome was the children’s BMI. Age, sex, neighborhood income, and family structure were the covariates. Race, family structure, parental education, and household income were potential moderators. For data analysis, we used mixed-effect models in the overall sample and by race. Results: Higher right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network was associated with higher BMI in Non-Hispanic White children. The same association was missing for Non-Hispanic Black children. While there was no overall association in the pooled sample, a significant interaction was found, suggesting that the association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children’s BMI was modified by race. Compared to Non-Hispanic White children, Non-Hispanic Black children showed a weaker association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and BMI. While parental education and household income did not moderate our association of interest, marital status altered the associations between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children’s BMI. These patterns were observed for right but not left putamen. Other/Mixed Race children also showed a pattern similar to Non-Hispanic Black children. Conclusions: The association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children’s BMI may depend on race and marital status but not parental education and household income. While right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network is associated with Non-Hispanic White children’s BMI, Non-Hispanic Black children’ BMI remains high regardless of their putamen functional connectivity to the salience network. This finding is in line with MDRs, which attributes diminished effects of individual-risk and protective factors for Non-Hispanic Black children to racism, stratification, and segregation.

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“…Higher BMI and obesity have been associated with a pattern of decreased within DMN FC and increased FC of DMN regions to other networks, i.e. salience and sensory networks in several resting-state and task-based rsfMRI studies (Beyer et al, 2017;Borowitz et al, 2020;Chao et al, 2018;Ding et al, 2020;Doucet et al, 2017;Kullmann et al, 2011;Sadler et al, 2018;Wijngaarden et al, 2015). After bariatric surgery, a normalization of the connectivity between DMN and cognitive control and salience brain regions might occur, yet no study has included a longitudinal control group (Frank et al, 2013;Li et al, 2018;Olivo et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of bariatric surgery on functional connectivity of the reward and default mode network: a pre-registered analysis

Heinrichs

Beyer

Medawar

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Obesity imposes serious health risks and involves alterations in resting-state functional connectivity of brain networks involved in eating behavior. Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment, but its effects on functional connectivity are still under debate. In this pre-registered study, we aimed to determine the effects of bariatric surgery on major resting-state brain networks (reward and default mode network) in a longitudinal controlled design. 33 bariatric surgery patients and 15 obese waiting-list control patients (37 females; aged 44.15 ± 11.86 SD years (range 21-68)) underwent magnetic resonance imaging at baseline, after 6 and 12 months. We conducted a pre-registered whole-brain time-by-group interaction analysis, and a time-by-group interaction analysis on within-network connectivity (https://osf.io/f8tpn/, https://osf.io/59bh7/). In exploratory analyses, we investigated the effects of weight loss and head motion. Bariatric surgery compared to waiting did not significantly affect functional connectivity (FWE-corrected p > 0.05), neither whole-brain nor within-network. In exploratory analyses, surgery-related BMI decrease (FWE-corrected p = 0.041) and higher average head motion (FWE-corrected p = 0.021) resulted in significantly stronger connectivity of the reward network with medial posterior frontal regions. This pre-registered well-controlled study did not support a strong effect of bariatric surgery, compared to waiting, on major resting-state brain networks after 6 months. Exploratory analyses indicated that head motion might have confounded the effects. Data pooling and more rigorous control of within-scanner head motion during data acquisition are needed to substantiate effects of bariatric surgery on brain organization.

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Weight‐Related Differences in Salience, Default Mode, and Executive Function Network Connectivity in Adolescents

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Resting-State Functional Connectivity between Putamen and Salience Network and Childhood Body Mass Index

Effects of bariatric surgery on functional connectivity of the reward and default mode network: a pre-registered analysis

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