Weight set-point theory and the high-density lipoprotein concentrations of long-distance runners

Williams, Paul T.

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(90)90003-u

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…However, these analyses are based on the runners' current weight rather than on the amount of weight they lost since starting to run. A recent review of published cross-sectional studies suggests that weight-loss since starting to run appears to explain most of the published HDLcholesterol differences between runners and sedentary men [10]. This conclusion is consistent with the report that previously obese runners have higher HDL-cholesterol levels than runners of comparable leanness who were never obese [11].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Most cross-sectional studies have concluded that differences in runners and sedentary men are not due to the runners' leanness, because they assume between-person relativity in their analyses. In contrast, analysis of covariance (Fig 2) and other analyses based on within-person relativity [10,11] suggest that the elevated levels of HDL-cholesterol, HDL 2b , and apo A-I concentrations of long-distance runners are primarily consequences of reduced adiposity. Mean levels of protein-stained HDL by particle diameter in 35 exercisers, 31 dieters, and 31 controls at baseline.…”

Section: Hdl(a-i With A-ii) and Hdl(a-i Without A-ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4 shows that this is also true for HDL 2b levels at 7 months and 12 months. This observation was initially made for HDL-cholesterol and HDL 2 -mass in an earlier study of 35 men who had run for 1 year, which led Williams to propose the following theory: Long-distance runners have the HDL metabolism of men who are below their usual weight (their purported sedentary setpoint weight) and not the metabolism of equivalently lean men who are neither exercising or dieting [10]. The analyses of Table 3 confirm the initial observation in a new independent sample.…”

Section: Hdl(a-i With A-ii) and Hdl(a-i Without A-ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analyses suggest that the metabolic effects of weight-loss on HDL metabolism depend on a frame of reference within an individual, e.g., relative to a person's usual weight (within-person relativity), rather than on a frame of reference between individuals, e.g., the absolute measurement of adiposity relative to other members of the population (between-person relativity) [11]. The importance of distinguishing between these two frames of reference has been shown to be critical in interpreting HDL-cholesterol levels in runners [10]. Most cross-sectional studies have concluded that differences in runners and sedentary men are not due to the runners' leanness, because they assume between-person relativity in their analyses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of weight-loss by exercise and by diet on apolipoproteins A-I and A-II and the particle-size distribution of high-density lipoproteins in men

Williams¹,

Krauss²,

Vranizan³

et al. 1992

Metabolism

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We studied separately the effects of weight-loss by dieting or by running on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo A-II, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions in sedentary, moderately overweight men assigned at random into three groups: exercise without calorie restriction, calorie restriction without exercise, and control. The absorbance of protein-stained polyacrylamide gradient gels was used as an index of mass concentrations for five HDL subclasses that have been identified by their particle sizes: HDL 3c (7.2 to 7.8 nm), HDL 3b (7.8 to 8.2 nm), HDL 3a (8.2 to 8.8 nm), HDL 2a (8.8 to 9.7 nm), and HDL 2b (9.7 to 12.8 nm). During the l-year trial, the exercisers ran (mean ± SD) 15.8 ± 8.1 km/wk, and the dieters reported eating 340±71 fewer calories per day than at baseline. Total body weight and fat weight were both reduced significantly more in dieters (−7.2 ± 4.1 and −6.2 ± 4.1 kg, respectively) and in exercisers (−4.0 ± 3.9 and −4.6 ± 3.5 kg) than in controls (0.6 ± 3.7 and −0.7 ± 2.7 kg). As compared with mean changes in controls, exercisers and dieters each decreased HDL 3b and increased HDL 2b . Exercisers also significantly increased plasma apo A-I concentrations. Analysis of covariance was used to statistically adjust the mean lipoprotein changes for the effects of weight-loss. The adjustment eliminated the significant reductions in HDL 3b and the significant increases in HDL 2b in exercisers and dieters, and it eliminated the significant increase in apo A-I in exercisers. When adjusted, the dieters' mean changes in HDL 2b had significantly decreased relative to those of both exercisers and controls. These results suggest that the changes in HDL 3b , HDL 2b , and apo A-I during 12 months of exercise could be due to metabolic changes associated with exerciseinduced weight-loss. Reduced calorie flux or other factors appear to attenuate the increase in HDL 2b and apo A-I during diet-induced weight-loss.Running increases the plasma mass and cholesterol concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 2 in men [1][2][3]. The HDL 3 response to running is less clear, with some studies showing an increase and other studies showing either a decrease or no change [1,2,4]. HDLs may be further divided into two HDL 2 and three HDL 3 subclasses by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis [5]. They are defined by their estimated particle diameters: HDL 3c (7.2 to 7.8 nm), HDL 3b (7.8 to 8.2 nm), HDL 3a (8.2 to 8.8 nm), HDL 2a (8.8 to 9.7 nm), and HDL 2b (9.7 to 12.9 nm) [5]. These HDL subclasses show relationships to other lipoprotein variables that suggest that HDL 2a and HDL 2b are inversely related, and HDL 3b is positively related to coronary heart disease risk [6]. To our knowledge, the effects of exercise or diet on HDL subclass measurements by gradient gel electrophoresis have not been previously reported. This report describes the effects of diet-induced weight-loss and exercise-induced weight-loss on plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apo A-II concentrations, and on protein-staine...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Hdl(a-i With A-ii) and Hdl(a-i Without A-ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hdl(a-i With A-ii) and Hdl(a-i Without A-ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of weight-loss by exercise and by diet on apolipoproteins A-I and A-II and the particle-size distribution of high-density lipoproteins in men

Williams¹,

Krauss²,

Vranizan³

et al. 1992

Metabolism

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“…The rate of exchange appears to be affected by the availability of VLDL (in the fasting state) and chylomicrons (in the postprandial state). The reductions in VLDL and postprandial chylomicron levels in runners may be due to increased lipoprotein lipase activities in adipose and muscle tissue [11,18,[26][27][28][29]. It is possible that weight loss and exercise reduce cholesteryl ester-triglyceride exchange without altering plasma LCAT mass concentrations.…”

Section: The Correlations Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) mass concentrations with exercise, weight loss, and plasma lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in men

et al. 1990

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The relationships between plasma 1ecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) mass concentrations and lipids, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein subfraction concentrations were studied in men assigned at random to a one-year exercise program (n = 48) and to a sedentary control condition (n = 31). Exercise training did not significantly affect mean concentrations of LCAT-mass. Moreover changes in LCAT within the exercise group were unrelated to distance run and weight loss. The baseline data and the one-year change data showed consistent positive correlations between LCAT concentrations and total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B concentrations, and consistently weak correlations between LCAT concentrations and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, HDL 2 , and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations. The strong correlation between LCAT and total cholesterol may account for LCAT's relationships with lipoprotein subfractions, apolipoprotein B and other lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.

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Relationship of Distance Run per Week to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in 8283 Male Runners

Williams¹

1997

Arch Intern Med

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113

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Weight set-point theory and the high-density lipoprotein concentrations of long-distance runners

Cited by 20 publications

References 48 publications

Effects of weight-loss by exercise and by diet on apolipoproteins A-I and A-II and the particle-size distribution of high-density lipoproteins in men

Effects of weight-loss by exercise and by diet on apolipoproteins A-I and A-II and the particle-size distribution of high-density lipoproteins in men

Associations of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) mass concentrations with exercise, weight loss, and plasma lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in men

Relationship of Distance Run per Week to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in 8283 Male Runners

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