Weighted Regression Method for the Study of Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Rahman, Khalidur; Ghani, Noraida Abdul; Kamil, Anton Abdulbasah; Mustafa, Adli

doi:10.5539/mas.v7n4p17

Cited by 14 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Recently, [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] also observed uni-directional as well as bi-directional movement of pedestrians on sidewalks and tried to measure space, free flow speed and jam density along with the other fundamental parameters such as speed, flow and density. Linear along with logarithmic and exponential speed-density relationships were observed; while single regime approach was highly preferred in developing a speed-density relationship.…”

Section: Sidewalk Facilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

2018

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Present paper reviewed the past studies on pedestrian flow characteristics (such as speed, flow, density, space, free-flow speed and jam density) and development of Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) for various pedestrian facilities (i.e., sidewalk, walkway, crosswalk, grade separated, stairways and escalators. Fundamental relationships (between speed and density) were observed over different facilities and were found to be significantly different. The fundamental relationships for sidewalk facility predicted the range of free flow speeds to be 65 − 85 m/min and jam densities to be 3.5 − 5.3 ped/m 2 . The minimum and maximum pedestrian speeds over sidewalk facility in different countries observed were 52 m/min and 98 m/min respectively, with a mean speed of 79 m/min. The male pedestrians walked at 4 − 9 m/min higher speed in comparison to their female counterparts; while the older pedestrians walked at 15 − 20 m/min lower speed than the younger ones over the various types of crosswalk facilities. Similarly, speed-density relationships for ascending and descending stairways showed that the difference between the two directions varied between 4 − 12 m/min, and that the speed was significantly higher in case of descending direction. Moreover, the jam densities for stairways were also observed to be lower in case of descending direction, as the pedestrians generally maintain higher gap (than in ascending direction) with other pedestrians in front to avoid pushing and the risk of falling down. The flow characteristics were significantly influenced by the type of facility, width, age, gender and location of the study. Primarily factors such as physique (height), culture (dress), attractions (presence of hawkers located along sidewalks), friction (due to parked vehicles), purpose of walking trip and environmental conditions were the main reasons for pedestrians of countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Sri-Lanka to walk significantly slower than the counterparts pedestrians in the USA, UK or Canada. The review conducted on the PLOS mainly looked into the type of survey conducted (qualitative vs. quantitative), LOS parameters and the various software/models used in development of LOS. Researchers from the USA and Japan preferably used both qualitative and quantitative approaches in defining LOS over sidewalks; while in India, China and Malaysia qualitative method was highly preferred. Pedestrian volume, safety, surface, obstruction and width were observed as essential parameters for qualitative survey while density, flow rate, pedestrian speed and width were used in quantitative survey for sidewalks. In developing the PLOS over sidewalk facility; Conjoint analysis, Landis method, HCM method, affinity propagation cluster algorithm and Gainesville method were preferred by various researchers. Studies conducted over crosswalk facility measured space, flow rate, vehicle volume and delay as the most significant factors in developing LOS based on quantitative technique; while vehicle speed, ...

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Section: Sidewalk Facilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

2018

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“…Most of the researches have observed a linear relationship between speed and density [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Rahman et al [23] developed speed-density relationship based on ordinary least square (OLS) and weighted regression methods to observe pedestrian characteristics in Dhaka. Parida et al [24] observed exponential regression model as a best fit to sidewalk movement in Delhi.…”

Section: Review On Past Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimation of optimum density or jam density was observed by many researchers [12][13][14][15]19] considering speed-density relationship as linear, but there is no assurance for the existence of jam density and free flow speed for every situation, which can be deduced from traffic flow data and these fundamental models. The estimated value of optimum density is 2.08 P/m 2 at an intermodal transfer terminal in Calcutta [26], at a comprehensive Transport Terminal in Beijing is 1.64 P/m 2 [27], at confined passageways of metro station in Shanghai is 1.53 P/m 2 [28], near Anand Vihar Inter State Bus Terminal, New Delhi, is 1.89 P/m 2 [29], for side walk in Dhaka is 1.85 P/m 2 [23] and at level walkways inside a DTSP hall is 2.22 P/m 2 [30]. Contrary to the previous studies, available space for pedestrians at maximum flow situation is less than the required space.…”

Section: Review On Past Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of interrelationship between pedestrian flow parameters using artificial neural network

2015

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Pedestrian flow parameters are analysed in this study considering linear and non-linear relationships between stream flow parameters using conventional and soft computing approach. Speed-density relationship serves as a fundamental relationship. Single-regime concepts and deterministic models like Greenshield and Underwood were applied in the study to describe bidirectional flow characteristics on sidewalks and carriageways around transport terminals in India. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach is also used for traffic flow modelling to build a relationship between different pedestrian flow parameters. A non-linear model based on ANN is suggested and compared with the other deterministic models. Out of the aforesaid models, ANN model demonstrated good results based on accuracy measurement. Also these ANN models have an advantage in terms of their self-processing and intelligent behaviour. Flow parameters are estimated by ANN model using MFD (Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram). Estimated mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values for the best fitted ANN model are 3.83 and 4.73 m/ min, respectively, less than those for the other models for sidewalk movement. Further estimated MAE and RMSE values of ANN model for carriageway movement are 4.02 and 4.98 m/min, respectively, which are comparatively less than those of the other models. ANN model gives better performance in fitness of model and future prediction of flow parameters. Also when using linear regression model between observed and estimated values for speed and flow parameters, performance of ANN model gives better fitness to predict data as compared to deterministic model. R value for speed data prediction is 0.756 and for flow data prediction is 0.997 using ANN model at sidewalk movement around transport terminal.

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“…As discussed, many factors make a significant contribution to deciding free-flow movements of a pedestrian. These factors include age, gender, the baggage carried by a pedestrian and the walkability of a facility 4 , the gradient or roughness of surface 5 , time of day 6 and type of walking facility 2 . The most important factor governing pedestrian movement on a public transport facility is the presence or absence of other pedestrians 5 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Hence, it has certain limitations and such pedestrian behaviour may not be consistent with field results and therefore, may vary significantly from a real-life behavioural situation. Rahman et al 4 carried out a survey at uninterrupted walking facilities with pedestrian traffic flows restricted by fence, wall, shops, or road with high traffic of vehicles. They observed that the overall mean free-flow speed of observed pedestrians was 1.15 ms -1 considering minimal traffic density at free flow.…”

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confidence: 99%

Estimation of Free Speed of Pedestrian Flow on Stairways at Busy Suburb Rail Transit Station in India

Shah¹,

Joshi²,

Shriniwas³

et al. 2017

Current Science

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Free speed, the key parameter in the modelling of pedestrian flow, is the speed that a pedestrian desires to walk at. In this study free speed of pedestrians considering characteristics such as age, gender, and with or without luggage in ascending and descending stairways located on platforms in suburban and intercity railway stations was examined. Due to difficulty in observing free speed directly, an approach for developing distributions of speeds at varying levels of pedestrian density is proposed to estimate free speed precisely. The outcome of this study may be useful for planning, design and operation of the pedestrian facility.Keywords: Free speed, pedestrian flow, rail transit station, stairway.WALKING speed is an important factor in pedestrian studies, which helps in determining the comfort level for the given facility. Many researchers agree that pedestrian speed differs among pedestrians [1][2][3] . This is because of the characteristics of pedestrians, the direction of movement, and characteristics of pedestrian facility (type and physical characteristics such as length, width, height, slope, number of steps in a single flight and dimension of steps in case of a stairway), weather and other external conditions. However, these factors do not influence in the case of high dense flow, where pedestrians are walking closely. Free speed is a speed at which pedestrians walk when not hindered by other pedestrians or by external factors 3 . Hence, free speed is an important criterion to understand individual behaviour. However, it is difficult to measure free speed of a pedestrian from the data since an enumerator does not identify whether a pedestrian walks at his/her free speed. Free speed and its distributions are an important input for many traffic flow models, such as developing a speed-flow plot.Free speeds are also an important aspect from the viewpoint of design of walking facilities and the corresponding schedule of public transport services, which affect directly the overall efficiency of the system. Many researchers have studied the performance of pedestrian walking speed at different facilities. However, very few studies have been undertaken at transit stations, where pedestrian flow dynamics depend largely on the schedule of the train. This becomes imperative particularly during peak periods as there can be a large number of passengers in a short time interval. Generally, it is expected that arrival of trains is likely to make the gathering and dispersion of pedestrians efficient. It also facilitates easy transfer of pedestrians on other platforms, for catching the next train, through good transfer facilities. As discussed, many factors make a significant contribution to deciding free-flow movements of a pedestrian. These factors include age, gender, the baggage carried by a pedestrian and the walkability of a facility 4 , the gradient or roughness of surface 5 , time of day 6 and type of walking facility 2 . The most important factor governing pedestrian movement on a public transport facility i...

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Weighted Regression Method for the Study of Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

Analysis of interrelationship between pedestrian flow parameters using artificial neural network

Estimation of Free Speed of Pedestrian Flow on Stairways at Busy Suburb Rail Transit Station in India

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