Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern?

Berninger, Ina

doi:10.1007/s11577-009-0070-9

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…On the whole, the described institutional framework along with mothers' associated bargaining position on the labor market reflects empirically in a low employment rate of mothers with young children in Germany (Matysiak/Steinmetz 2006;Aisenbrey et al 2009;Berninger 2009;Frodermann et al 2013). Although studies indicate a gradual rejection of that pattern in younger cohorts, fostered by the increasing importance of part-time jobs Frodermann et al 2013), historically, extensions of parental leave regulations have been countered quickly by mothers' extension of their time in unpaid childcare (Grunow et al 2011).…”

Section: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Implications Institmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a wrong time for a right decision? The impact of the timing of first births and the spacing of second births on women’s careers

Brehm¹,

Buchholz²

2014

JFamRes

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The issue of how to reconcile family and work is particularly relevant in the light of West Germany’s institutional and normative framework which has been facilitating mothers of young children to withdraw from the labor market for some years. Though the topic has already been subject to academic debate, the questions remain if and how women’s careers are influenced by the way women embed their prevalently two births into their employment biographies as well as if educational groups differ in these effects. So far, research has mainly focused on the first birth’s timing: aspirations to establish firmly on the labor market suggest a postponement of the first birth to some degree. The effect is less obvious for the spacing between first and second births: to avoid a detrimental career discontinuity, women can either choose a short spacing, blocking their periods of unpaid caregiving tightly for a quick and definite occupational return, or space their births widely, intermitting their parental leaves with periods of employment. Using NEPS data for West German mothers of two, the study finds that compared to career entry, the occupational prestige at age 45 is severely impaired by the period after women’s first birth. While this is not affected by a specific timing, higher educated women tend to time their firstbirths least detrimentally. With regard to the spacing, evidence suggests that only higher educated women can achieve to continue their prestige accumulation, namely by spacing their births very tightly. Lower and intermediately educated women’s prestige, in contrast, cannot be impaired considerably by their spacing behavior, unless they decide to return to part-time employment soon after their first birth. Zusammenfassung Die Frage nach einer erfolgreichen Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf stellt sich insbesondere in Westdeutschland, wo der institutionelle und normative Rahmen Mütter ermutigt, mehrere Jahre für die Betreuung ihrer Kleinkinder zuhause zu bleiben. Trotz umfassender Forschung zum Thema blieben bisher die Fragen offen, inwiefern weibliche Karrieren durch die zeitliche Einbettung der überwiegend zwei Geburten in die Erwerbsbiografien beeinflusst werden und ob sich Bildungsgruppen darin unterscheiden. Bisher konzentrierte sich die Forschung dahingehend vor allem auf das Timing der Erstgeburt: Um sich fest am Arbeitsmarkt zu etablieren scheint eine gewisse Verzögerung der Erstgeburt hilfreich. Bezüglich des Spacings zwischen Erst und Zweitgeburt liegen hingegen zwei Strategien nahe: Entweder bekommen Frauen ihre Kinder kurz nacheinander um danach endgültig an den Arbeitsmarkt zurückzukehren, oder sie nutzen einen langen Abstand zwischen den Kindern für eine berufliche Episode. Mithilfe eines NEPS-Samples zweifacher Mütter kann die Studie aufzeigen, dass ihr berufliches Prestige zwischen Karriereeinstieg und dem Alter 45 insbesondere von der Episode nach der ersten Geburt beeinträchtigt wird. Obwohl dies nicht durch ein bestimmtes Timing bedingt ist, er-weist sich das Timing höher gebildeter Frauen als am wenigsten nachteilig. Für das Spacing zeigt sich, dass nur höher gebildete Frauen nach ihren Betreuungsphasen noch Prestige anhäufen können, so sie denn ihre Kinder im kurzen Abstand zueinander bekommen. Die Prestigeentwicklung von Frauen mit geringerer Bildung hingegen wird nicht wesentlich durch das Spacing vermindert, außer sie entscheiden sich kurz nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes für die Rückkehr in einen Teilzeiterwerb.

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Section: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Implications Institmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a wrong time for a right decision? The impact of the timing of first births and the spacing of second births on women’s careers

Brehm¹,

Buchholz²

2014

JFamRes

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“…According to Eberharter (2003), labour market adjustments are not gender-neutral, but affect women's employment status to a greater extent than those of men. Secondly, empirical studies point that good quality childcare services (particularly for infants) can act as a key re-integration mechanism, providing parents with the ability to reconcile both work and family, and promote women's employment continuity (Berninger, 2009). Besides availability and quality, other aspects such as affordability and compatibility of facilities with paid working hours determine whether childcare services support women's employment.…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…child care, parental leave) on women's labour market participation (Schröder and Pforr, 2009;Berninger, 2009;Mühlberger, 2000). Beyond this, most of the economic studies exploring the determinants of women's employment status rest heavily on neoclassical models with their assumption that preferences are given and exogenous to the cultural environment of the decision-maker.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women and work: what role do social norms play?

Tolciu

Zierahn

2012

International Review of Applied Economics

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Against the background of the current economic research which concentrates particularly on individual and structural factors, this paper examines if and to what extent social norms (in terms of attitudes towards gender roles and work commitment) can make a complementary statement in explaining women's employment status. The impact is presumed to be enhanced through norms shared by people belonging to the same households, peer groups, and by residents of the same region. The analysis relies on a rich German dataset and employs a zero inflated negative binomial model. The results highlight the importance of 'relevant others' in explaining women's employment status.JEL Classification: A13, C35, J16, J21

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“…Our analyses show that in countries with a high rate of part-time employment, the difference between the employment of mothers and employment of women in general is greatest. Parents in Germany, Great Britain and Switzerland have to make cost-benefit calculations, which, against the background of the cultural heritage of the single earner model and traditional image of the mother, very often weigh against the women and their employment (Berninger, 2009). Notes 1.…”

Section: Reconciliation Of Work and Family Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The social and family policies in the different countries examined provide varying degrees of financial and infrastructural support, which can promote female participation in working life. For example, the comprehensive development of childcare facilities facilitates dual-earner arrangements (Berninger, 2009), while the right to claim parental leave for an extended period of time tends to promote secondary wage earner arrangements (Hook, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%