Welfare Regimes, Family‐Supportive Policies, and Women’s Employment along the Life‐Course

Stier, Haya; Lewin‐Epstein, Noah; Braun, Michael

doi:10.1086/321302

Cited by 332 publications

(254 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…While a high level of decommodification of services tends to stifle the growth of low-wage jobs in the private sector (Iversen 2005;Scharpf 2001), it increases intra-class inequality since the absence of uniform social rights makes part-time and intermittent workers more vulnerable to wage discrimination -and these workers are mostly women (Mandel and Shalev 2009). Stier et al (2001) To conclude, the role of the welfare system has been considered crucial in supporting not only women's labour-market inclusion but also their employment stability and level of wages: for example, the presence of childcare services facilitates full-time work, while part-time and temporary jobs become more frequent when such services are less generous. Moreover, inequality among women depends on institutional factors: the higher the level of commodification, the more likely inequality and dualization become.…”

Section: Welfare System As a Frame For Women's Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Women at risk: the impact of labour-market participation, education and household structure on the economic vulnerability of women through Europe

2016

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While increasing female employment has contributed to reducing gender\ud inequality, it has also exposed women to higher economic insecurity. The\ud contribution of this paper is to understand the social conditions that might\ud expose women to economic insecurity in different European cities. Specific\ud aspects have been considered: (a) reduced (part time) work, (b) hampered\ud labour-market participation (unemployment, involuntary inactivity due to care\ud tasks), (c) different household structures (single/couple; with/without young\ud children) or (d) educational level of both partners in the household. Data are\ud based on a survey carried out in 2012 in seven European cities, representative\ud of the different welfare/gender regimes in Europe. The results show that the\ud most important divide is between women cohabiting/not cohabiting with a\ud partner. Splitting the analysis on these two groups of women, differentiated\ud configurations of conditions exposing women to economic insecurity have\ud emerged in different welfare/care regimes. While Nordic, Central-eastern and\ud Anglo-Saxon cities substantiate an individualised model of exposure to\ud economic insecurity mostly driven by women’s participation in the labour\ud market, in Continental and Mediterranean cities insecurity mainly depends on\ud the educational levels (mainly of the partner in the case of coupled women)\ud and the organisation of the household (presence of children)

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Section: Welfare System As a Frame For Women's Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Women at risk: the impact of labour-market participation, education and household structure on the economic vulnerability of women through Europe

2016

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“…External child care permits shorter interuptions; and paid leaves will compensate for foregone wages and potentially also diminish interruptions (Gustafsson and Stafford, 1992;Gauthier and Hatzius, 1997;Waldfogel, 1998;Stier et al, 2001;Esping-Andersen, 2002;Del Boca et al, 2003). Both may, however, produce ambiguous effects.…”

Section: Fertility and Opportunity Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Fertility is Bargained: Second Births in Denmark and Spain

Brodmann

Esping‐Andersen²,

Güell

2007

European Sociological Review

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We examine the degree to which women's fertility decisions depend on greater gender symmetry in child care. We analyse second births and focus particularly on the importance of fatherly care for women with a strong career orientation. Exploiting the European Community Household Panel, we use event-history techniques and compare Denmark and Spain, two countries that represent the European extremes in terms of both fertility and public support for working mothers. Compared to the Spanish case, Danish women are more likely to have a second child, in general because welfare state support makes reconciliation of motherhood and careers easier. We show that Danish career women are additionally able to reduce the opportunity cost of motherhood via enhanced fatherly child care due to bargaining between the spouses.

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“…It is not only the direct conflicts between care and wage work at the time of intense parenting that create inequality but also the design of employment and welfare institutions to fit a male biography of continuous full-time work and of male or single earner responsibility for a family. Furthermore, while reformed welfare regimes coupled with genderspecific policies could significantly reduce parenthood costs (Gornick et al 1997;Stier et al 2001), the main policy drivers for reform in this direction are just as likely to be the agendas of higher employment, lower welfare dependency or countering the ageing society as the promotion of gender equality. Policies may even be promoted in the opposite direction, reflecting resurgent conservative ideologies or government concerns to reduce open unemployment.…”

Section: Gender Inequality and Parenthood Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shaping the Life Course: A European Perspective

Anxo¹,

Bösch²,

Rubery³

2010

The Welfare State and Life Transitions

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This book investigates the changing patterns and levels of social welfare systems through the lens of key life stage transitions. This provides an insight into the adequacy of welfare systems' response to the changing needs for support at these critical stages of life that shape future life course prospects.The focus on key life stages has three purposes. First it provides a lens through which to analyse a range of different dimensions of social welfare systems. It is at key life stages that social welfare systems are particularly needed to provide support in addition to or instead of employment or the family. These include the key life stages of preparing for and entering work, setting up independent households, surviving interruptions to work, in prime age, whether for parenthood, sickness or unemployment, and withdrawing from work into retirement. The support systems in place at these stages have major impacts in empowering or preventing citizens from fulfilling their potential and their aspirations. These support mechanisms are critical for issues of equity and social inclusion. A focus on key life stages also facilitates an evaluation of how social welfare systems vary in the effectiveness of their support for different groups, defined, for example, by class, gender, age and generation.Second, the key life stage approach can help identify the impact of potentially conflicting pressures for change. These conflicts arise from the short-term pressures to reduce costs or to minimise open unemployment for political reasons, both of which, for different reasons, may jeopardise opportunities to engage in longer-term strategic change. This long-term change is required to keep social welfare systems in step with the major changes actually taking place in the life course, and in the associated behaviour and aspirations of European citizens. The European Employment Strategy (EES) espouses the need for long-term reform to ensure that welfare systems promote an active, and appropriately and flexibly skilled, M2322 -ANXO PRINT.indd 1 28/5/10 14:44:25

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Welfare Regimes, Family‐Supportive Policies, and Women’s Employment along the Life‐Course

Cited by 332 publications

References 24 publications

Women at risk: the impact of labour-market participation, education and household structure on the economic vulnerability of women through Europe

Women at risk: the impact of labour-market participation, education and household structure on the economic vulnerability of women through Europe

When Fertility is Bargained: Second Births in Denmark and Spain

Shaping the Life Course: A European Perspective

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