Well-Being and Perceived Stress of Adolescent Young Carers: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

Abstract

Adolescent young carers have been described as a hidden group at risk of mental health problems. However, research has not yet clarified the effect of caring when considering the related family situation. We aimed to examine the impact of a caring role on adolescents’ mental health and to gain knowledge about adolescent young carers’ specific needs. We collected cross-sectional data from adolescents (15–21 years, N = 2525) recruited through educational institutions in German-speaking Switzerland. Based on self-reported answers regarding the presence or absence of a family member with health problems and youth’s caring activities, the participants were grouped into three subsamples. We compared mental health outcomes (well-being and perceived stress) in current carers and their peers, and we conducted multiple regression analyses for predicting these outcomes among all adolescents and the subsample of carers. Adolescent young carers had lower levels of well-being and higher levels of perceived stress than their peers. However, when controlling for background variables, well-being levels were lower only when carers were compared to adolescents from a healthy family background. Indicators of family instability predicted mental health outcomes independently of being a carer. More recognition for the caring role predicted better well-being and perceived stress outcomes, and more support in caring predicted better well-being but not perceived stress outcomes. The findings suggest that a caring role is not necessarily related to decreased well-being in adolescents, but it is associated with higher levels of perceived stress. The way professionals and services respond to young carers’ specific needs should be improved.

Mental health of young informal carers: a systematic review

“…Table 3 displays results for the RoB assessment. The overall quality of evidence was low, with only one study rated at low risk [40] and the remaining rated at serious (n = 4) [27,29,30,37,39,41] to critical (n = 3) risk of bias [28,31,38]. RoB was particularly high for the confounding domain where three studies were judged at critical risk [28,31,38], four at serious [27,29,37,41] and two at moderate risk [30,39] and one at low risk [40].…”

“…The overall quality of evidence was low, with only one study rated at low risk [40] and the remaining rated at serious (n = 4) [27,29,30,37,39,41] to critical (n = 3) risk of bias [28,31,38]. RoB was particularly high for the confounding domain where three studies were judged at critical risk [28,31,38], four at serious [27,29,37,41] and two at moderate risk [30,39] and one at low risk [40]. RoB for the selection of participants was mostly moderate (n = 4) [29,30,37,39], with four studies rating at low [27,37,40,41], one at serious [31] and the remaining one at critical risk [28].…”

“…All included studies were conducted in high income countries. The majority of studies were cross-sectional [28][29][30][31][37][38][39], and only three used a longitudinal design [27,40,41]. Six studies looked at exposure to young caring [27,28,30,31,38,41], while three assessed the extent of caring [29,37] and one on substantial caregiving [39].…”

“…The majority of studies were cross-sectional [28][29][30][31][37][38][39], and only three used a longitudinal design [27,40,41]. Six studies looked at exposure to young caring [27,28,30,31,38,41], while three assessed the extent of caring [29,37] and one on substantial caregiving [39]. Mental health outcomes included depression [27-29, 31, 38], anxiety [28,29,38], other mental health/emotional problems [30,37,40,41] and mental well-being [39,41].…”

“…Six studies looked at exposure to young caring [27,28,30,31,38,41], while three assessed the extent of caring [29,37] and one on substantial caregiving [39]. Mental health outcomes included depression [27-29, 31, 38], anxiety [28,29,38], other mental health/emotional problems [30,37,40,41] and mental well-being [39,41]. Mental health outcomes were self-reported using validated surveys for most studies [27-29, 31, 38-41], and the remaining two were based on a self-reported singleitem measure of mental/emotional condition [30,37].…”