Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Elgowainy, Amgad; Han, Jeongwoo; Poch, L. A.; Wang, M.; Vyas, Anant; Mahalik, Matthew; Rousseau, Aymeric

doi:10.2172/1219036

Cited by 54 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The EPRI NRDC study [1] shows the variability for PHEVs based on the source of electricity is the same as for HEVs (~30%) when from coal, ~50% when from natural gas, and 66% if tied to renewables. Other studies present similar data [2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Field Testing Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Charge Control Technology in the Xcel Energy Territory

Markel¹,

Bennion²,

Kramer³

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 2007, NREL and Xcel Energy collaborated on an analysis study to better understand the fuel displacement potential, the costs, and the emissions impacts of market introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) into the Xcel Energy Colorado Service Territory. The study indicated the potential for petroleum displacement and highlighted the value of vehicle charge management to limit costs and emissions impacts. As an extension and demonstration of the analysis results, a real-world fleet demonstration project was initiated. The purpose of the project was to 1) quantify the real-world fuel savings benefits of PHEVs, 2) gain an understanding of potential utility loading scenarios due to the introduction of PHEVs, and 3) develop and demonstrate the equipment and tools necessary for utility controlled charging. The project team successfully evaluated the performance of three vehicles placed in consumer service with charge control functions directed by Xcel Energy. Ten different charge control scenarios were explored, several of which correlated to the previous analysis study of 2007. Analysis of 16 weeks of field study data supports the conclusions drawn in the previous study. PHEV technology holds great promise for enabling petroleum reduction in transportation. Utility controlled charge management was demonstrated and potential load profiles were generated; some of which were synchronized with renewable resources and ancillary services suggesting that utility load management of PHEVs could provide both low CO 2

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Field Testing Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Charge Control Technology in the Xcel Energy Territory

Markel¹,

Bennion²,

Kramer³

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We use the NiMH chemistry for our HEV model. To estimate emissions for the larger battery packs associated with PHEVs and BEVs, we scale the HEV Li-ion battery pack production emissions linearly with pack weight, sizing the packs to meet the stated range on the Environmental Protection Agency's urban dynamometer driving schedule (30). (The SI Text provides additional explanation of battery pack weight and sizing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a PHEV battery is fully charged, a PHEV will operate in charge-depleting mode (CD mode) until the battery's state of charge drops to a predetermined level, at which point the vehicle switches to charge-sustaining mode (CS mode). We use midsize vehicle models defined in GREET 1.8d to estimate vehicle efficiency, vehicle emissions, and battery pack size requirements (30). To estimate the portion of driving propelled by electrical power, we use the 2009 NHTS (6), which interviewed over 140,000 people across the US on details of their travel behavior.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valuation of plug-in vehicle life-cycle air emissions and oil displacement benefits

Michalek

Chester²,

Jaramillo

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

228

193

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We assess the economic value of life-cycle air emissions and oil consumption from conventional vehicles, hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles in the US. We find that plug-in vehicles may reduce or increase externality costs relative to grid-independent HEVs, depending largely on greenhouse gas and SO 2 emissions produced during vehicle charging and battery manufacturing. However, even if future marginal damages from emissions of battery and electricity production drop dramatically, the damage reduction potential of plug-in vehicles remains small compared to ownership cost. As such, to offer a socially efficient approach to emissions and oil consumption reduction, lifetime cost of plug-in vehicles must be competitive with HEVs. Current subsidies intended to encourage sales of plug-in vehicles with large capacity battery packs exceed our externality estimates considerably, and taxes that optimally correct for externality damages would not close the gap in ownership cost. In contrast, HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs reduce externality damages at low (or no) additional cost over their lifetime. Although large battery packs allow vehicles to travel longer distances using electricity instead of gasoline, large packs are more expensive, heavier, and more emissions intensive to produce, with lower utilization factors, greater charging infrastructure requirements, and life-cycle implications that are more sensitive to uncertain, time-sensitive, and location-specific factors. To reduce air emission and oil dependency impacts from passenger vehicles, strategies to promote adoption of HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more social benefits per dollar spent.T he electrification of passenger vehicles has the potential to address three of the most critical challenges of our time: plug-in vehicles may (i) produce fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when powered by electricity instead of gasoline, depending on the electricity source; (ii) reduce tailpipe emissions, which impact people and the environment; and (iii) reduce gasoline consumption, helping to diminish dependency on imported oil. Recognizing these benefits, US policymakers have provided federal tax credits of up to $7,500 per vehicle to encourage electrified transportation, with additional supporting policies enacted in many states (1, 2). Ideally, these policies would compensate for the externalities of energy use, such as damages to human health and to resources caused by emissions or oil consumption. Because such externality damages are not priced explicitly in the marketplace, they are not adequately accounted for in decision making, and users consume and emit more than they would have if they had born the full costs (3). Policymakers understand the impossibility of eliminating all externality damages; instead, laws favor determining which externality-reducing measures are worth paying for and which approaches reduce externality damages most efficiently.In this study we assess,...

show abstract

“…Today, the U.S. has built a considerable number of efficient combined cycle natural gas powerplants to serve air conditioning demands, creating a high summertime peak and a deep and wide summertime overnight trough. In their recent assessment of the use of electric power by plausible, but optimistic numbers of plug-in hybrids, Argonne National Laboratory scientists (Elgowainy et al, 2010) estimated that the vast majority of power would be provided by already existing combined cycle natural gas powerplants. In the meantime, significant new resources of shale gas have become available in the U.S. (and probably elsewhere in the world) as a result of developments in drilling technology (Energy Information Administration, 2011).…”

Section: What Is Different This Time What Is Not?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Vehicle Waves of History: Lessons Learned about Market Deployment of Electric Vehicles

Santini¹

2011

Electric Vehicles Â€“ the Benefits and Barriers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Cited by 54 publications

References 2 publications

Field Testing Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Charge Control Technology in the Xcel Energy Territory

Field Testing Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Charge Control Technology in the Xcel Energy Territory

Valuation of plug-in vehicle life-cycle air emissions and oil displacement benefits

Electric Vehicle Waves of History: Lessons Learned about Market Deployment of Electric Vehicles

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About