West Nile Encephalitis in Israel, 1999: The New York Connection

Giladi, Michael; Metzkor-Cotter, Einat; Martin, Donald B.; Siegman-Igra, Yardena; Korczyn, Amos D.; Rosso, R.; Berger, Stephen A.; Campbell, Grant L.; Lanciotti, Robert S.

doi:10.3201/eid0704.017410

Cited by 46 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Mortality during the outbreak in New York (11.4%) was closer to that from Israel. Viral isolates from the outbreak in New York showed a 99.8% genomic similarity to WN virus strain from the brain of a dead goose in Israel in 1998, as well as a fatal human case from Israel in 1999 (11,12). In addition, avian deaths caused by WN viral infection were reported only from North America and Israel, a phenomenon that had not been reported previously.…”

Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 77%

Clinical Characteristics of the West Nile Fever Outbreak, Israel, 2000

Chowers

Lang

Nassar

et al. 2001

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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264

188

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Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 77%

Clinical Characteristics of the West Nile Fever Outbreak, Israel, 2000

Chowers

Lang

Nassar

et al. 2001

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

Self Cite

264

188

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Horse epizootics also were reported from Morocco in 1996(Tber Abdelhaq 1996, Italy in 1998 (Autorino et al 2002), France in 2000 (Murgue et al 2001), and Morocco again in 2003 (Schuffenecker et al 2005). In 1999, two fatal human cases of West Nile fever were reported from Israel (Giladi et al 2001), after WNV mortality in bird populations the previous year (Malkinson et al 2002). The same year, the emergence of WNV was reported for the Þrst time from North America associated with the death of seven people, several horses, and thousands of wild birds in New York city (Garmendia et al 2001).…”

Section: Abstract Camargue Host-baited Collections Mosquito Potentmentioning

confidence: 94%

Horse-, Bird-, and Human-Seeking Behavior and Seasonal Abundance of Mosquitoes in a West Nile Virus Focus of Southern France

et al. 2006

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After 35 yr of disease absence, West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) circulation has been regularly detected in the Camargue region (southern France) since 2000. WNV was isolated from Culex modestus Ficalbi, which was considered the main vector in southern France after horse outbreaks in the 1960s. Recent WNV transmissions outside of the Cx. modestus distribution suggested the existence of other vectors. To study potential WNV vectors, horse-and bird-baited traps and human landing collections of mosquitoes were carried out weekly from May to October 2004 at two Camargue sites: one site in a wet area and the other site in a dry area, both chosen for their past history of WNV transmission. At the wet site, the most abundant species in bird-baited traps were Culex pipiens L. and Cx. modestus; both species also were found in lower proportions on horses and humans. The most abundant species in horse-baited traps and human landing collections were Aedes caspius (Pallas), Aedes vexans (Meigen), and Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas) sensu lato; some of these species were occasionally collected with avian blood at the end of the summer. Anopheles maculipennis Meigen sensu lato was an abundant horse feeder, but it was rarely collected landing on human bait and never contained avian blood. At the dry site, Cx. pipiens was the most abundant species in bird-and horse-baited traps. The seasonal and circadian dynamics of these species are analyzed, and their potential in WNV transmission in Camargue discussed.

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“…In these settings, PCR has higher sensitivity, since WNV-infected asymptomatic blood and organ donors are more likely to be viremic than symptomatic individuals. WNV RT-PCR was successfully used to identify the 1999 New York WNV epidemic strain as 99.9% genetically identical to an Israeli strain circulating in 1998 (92).…”

Section: Viral Entities For Which Molecular Diagnostic Methods Arementioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Viral Encephalitis

2004

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Hundreds of viruses cause central nervous system (CNS) disease, including meningoencephalitis and postinfectious encephalomyelitis, in humans. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is abnormal in >90% of cases; however, routine CSF studies only rarely lead to identification of a specific etiologic agent. Diagnosis of viral infections of the CNS has been revolutionized by the advent of new molecular diagnostic technologies to amplify viral nucleic acid from CSF, including PCR, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, and branched-DNA assay. PCR is ideally suited for identifying fastidious organisms that may be difficult or impossible to culture and has been widely applied for detection of both DNA and RNA viruses in CSF. The technique can be performed rapidly and inexpensively and has become an integral component of diagnostic medical practice in the United States and other developed countries. In addition to its use for identification of etiologic agents of CNS disease in the clinical setting, PCR has also been used to quantitate viral load and monitor duration and adequacy of antiviral drug therapy. PCR has also been applied in the research setting to help discriminate active versus postinfectious immune-mediate disease, identify determinants of drug resistance, and investigate the etiology of neurologic disease of uncertain cause. This review discusses general principles of PCR and reverse transcription-PCR, including qualitative, quantitative, and multiplex techniques, with comment on issues of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. The application of molecular diagnostic methods for diagnosis of specific infectious entities is reviewed in detail, including viruses for which PCR is of proven efficacy and is widely available, viruses for which PCR is less widely available or for which PCR has unproven sensitivity and specificity, and nonviral entities which can mimic viral CNS disease

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West Nile Encephalitis in Israel, 1999: The New York Connection

Cited by 46 publications

References 6 publications

Clinical Characteristics of the West Nile Fever Outbreak, Israel, 2000

Clinical Characteristics of the West Nile Fever Outbreak, Israel, 2000

Horse-, Bird-, and Human-Seeking Behavior and Seasonal Abundance of Mosquitoes in a West Nile Virus Focus of Southern France

Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Viral Encephalitis

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