West Nile Virus Detection in Urine

Tonry, Jessica H.; Brown, Craig B.; Cropp, C B; Co, Juliene K.G.; Bennett, Shannon N.; Nerurkar, Vivek R.; Kuberski, Timothy T.; Gubler, Duane J.

doi:10.3201/eid1108.050238

Cited by 57 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The kidney may be a site of prolonged WNV replication and shedding in animals and humans. [67][68][69] Thus, urine samples could be more appropriate than blood for WNV testing in organ donors in the future. 70 Prospective studies are needed to verify the utility of routine WNV testing in urine (or blood) of organ donors.…”

Section: Unexpected and Novel Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Donor-derived infection—the challenge for transplant safety

Fishman¹,

Grossi

2014

Nat Rev Nephrol

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Organ transplantation, including of the heart, lung, kidney, liver, pancreas, and small bowel, is considered the therapy of choice for end-stage organ failure. Each year, over 70,000 organs are implanted worldwide. One donor may provide multiple organs, as well as corneas and other tissues, for multiple recipients. The degree of risk for transmission of infection carried with grafts, notably of viruses, is largely unknown and, for a specific organ, difficult to assess. The approach to microbiological screening of organ donors varies with national and regional regulations and with the availability and performance of microbiological assays used for potential donors. Transmission of both expected or common, and unexpected infections has been observed in organ transplants, generally recognized after development of clusters of infections among recipients of organs from a common donor. Other than for unusual or catastrophic events, few data exist that define the incidence and manifestations of donor-derived infections or the ideal assays to use in screening to prevent such transmissions. Absolute prevention of the transmission of donor-derived infections in organ transplantation is not possible. However, improvements in screening technologies will enhance the safety of transplantation in the future.

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Section: Unexpected and Novel Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Donor-derived infection—the challenge for transplant safety

Fishman¹,

Grossi

2014

Nat Rev Nephrol

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“…[17][18][19][20] Urinary excretion has also recently been demonstrated in a human patient. 21 In addition, oral transmission of WNV has been experimentally demonstrated in birds, mice and hamsters. [22][23][24] JE on the other hand, is transmissible via semen in pigs, which develop asymptomatic high viraemias, with seminal transmission resulting in abortion of embryos (reviewed by Guerin and Pozzi 25 ).…”

Section: Modes Of Transmission Mosquitoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathology of flavivirus infections

et al. 2006

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With the recent emergence of the flavivirus, West Nile virus (WNV), in particular, the New York strain of Lineage I WNV in North America in 1999, there has been a significant increase in activity in neurotropic flavivirus research. These viruses cause encephalitis that can result in permanent neurological sequelae or death. Attempts to develop vaccines have made progress, but have been variably successful, despite considerable commercial underwriting. Thus, the discovery of ways and means to combat disease is no less urgent. As such, most recent work has been directed towards dissecting and understanding the pathogenesis of disease, as a way of informing possible approaches to abrogation or amelioration of illness. Whether inherent to flaviviruses or because humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, it is clear that these viruses interact with their human hosts in extremely complex ways. This occurs from the cellular level, at which infection must be established to produce disease, to its interaction with the adaptive immune response, which may result in its eradication, with or without immunopathological and consequent neurological sequelae. As human proximity to and contact with flavivirus insect vectors and amplifying hosts cannot practically be eliminated, our understanding of the pathogenesis of flavivirus-induced diseases, especially with regard to possible targets for treatment, is imperative.

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“…/t.B'/9-10-2008, microbiological monitoring is only limited to bacterial parameters, even though wastewater treatment plants effluent discharged into surface waters can be a severe source of environmental viral contamination and constitute a major public health problem (Villar et al 2007;Pinto et al 2007;Carducci et al 2008). Large numbers of viruses are excreted in human feces and urine, which even at low concentrations may cause illness when ingested (Albinana-Gimenez et al 2006;Stoner et al 1996;Tonry et al 2005). The enteric viruses found in human stool belong to more than 140 types of which enterovirus (EV), adenovirus (AdV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), norovirus (NoV) genotype I and II, and rotavirus (RV) are those most often detected in the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Molecular Typing of Enteroviruses, Adenoviruses, and Hepatitis A Viruses in Untreated and Treated Sewage of a Biological Treatment Plant in Greece

et al. 2010

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The effluents of a sewage treatment plant may contain infectious human viruses representing a major public health issue. In the present study, an 8 months survey was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of enteroviruses (EV), adenoviruses (AdV), and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) in untreated and treated sewage samples collected from a primary treatment municipal wastewater plant, located in the northeastern Greece. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested polymerase chain reaction techniques have been applied for viral nucleic acid detection. Positive samples were confirmed by sequencing, and comparative phylogenetic analysis was performed on the isolated viral strains. EVs, AdVs, and HAV have been detected in 40% (10/25), 40% (10/25), 4% (1/25) of the samples collected from the plant's inlet, and in 12% (3/25), 44% (11/25), 0% (0/25) of the samples collected from the plant's outlet. Adenovirus types 3 (Ad3), 10 (Ad10) and 41 (Ad41), and hepatitis A virus type H2 have been recognized, while for enteroviruses Coxsackie type A2 and Echovirus types 27 and 30 have been recorded. The results suggest that treated sewage may still contain human viruses and thereby represent a potential health hazard. Moreover, their possible reuse in agriculture or elsewhere must be considered with concern. Furthermore, this study shows the usefulness of molecular methods for virus detection, typing and virological quality analysis of sewage treatment plants.

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West Nile Virus Detection in Urine

Cited by 57 publications

References 12 publications

Donor-derived infection—the challenge for transplant safety

Donor-derived infection—the challenge for transplant safety

Immunopathology of flavivirus infections

Molecular Typing of Enteroviruses, Adenoviruses, and Hepatitis A Viruses in Untreated and Treated Sewage of a Biological Treatment Plant in Greece

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