West Nile Virus in Livestock and Wildlife

McLean, Robert G.; Ubico, Sonya R.; Bourne, D. C.; Komar, Nicholas

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_14

Cited by 129 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…In addition, transmission of the virus was observed between inoculated and control birds, indicating the possibility of direct transmission under the experimental conditions. 17,18 This finding was supported by the experimental infection of North Ameri- Heart Liver Spleen Kidney Proventriculus Duodenum can birds with WNV conducted by Komar and coauthors. 12 Canada established a WNV surveillance program in 2000 based on the US experience in 1999.…”

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confidence: 74%

Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

et al. 2004

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Abstract. Ten crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and three blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), species indigenous to North America, were intravenously inoculated with 10 3 PFU of West Nile virus (WNV) strain NY99 for production of positive tissues for Canadian surveillance. Both species developed clinical signs 4 days postinoculation (dpi). Virus was detected in blood, cloacal and tracheal swabs, and in a number of organs by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation (titers reaching over 10 7 PFU/0.1 g). Virus appeared as early as 1 dpi in blood (10 2 -10 3 PFU/ml) and spleen (10 3 -10 4 PFU/0.1 g of tissue), whereas kidney, liver, intestine, gonads, heart, skeletal muscle, and lung tested positive for WNV in a later stage of the infection. Immunostaining (IHC) using heterologous rabbit anti-WNV polyclonal antiserum detected viral antigen in a wide range of organs, starting at 2 dpi. Detection of WNV antigen in the brain of blue jays and crows by IHC was laborious as only few cells, not present in all sections, would stain positive. Mononuclear cells appeared to be an important target for virus replication, contributing to virus spread throughout tissues during the infection. This conclusion was based on the positive IHC staining of these cells in organs before virus antigen detection in parenchymal cells and supported by virus isolation and RT-PCR-positive results in white blood cells. The inability of blue jays and crows to perch and fly may reflect weakness due to generalized infection and marked skeletal muscle involvement, although involvement of the central nervous system cannot be excluded.

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confidence: 74%

Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

et al. 2004

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“…1,3,4,11 The first documented occurrences of WNV infection in North America was from New York City in 1999 with illness and death in humans, horses, and birds. 1,3,4,8,11 Most reports of mammalian infections have been in humans and horses, though there have been occasional reports of WNV infection in other mammals, including bats, a chipmunk, a skunk, a domestic rabbit, and an eastern gray squirrel. 7 Reports of unusual squirrel mortality events including squirrels with neurologic signs from several locations in Illinois prompted a diagnostic investigation as part of a cooperative statewide wildlife disease surveillance program conducted in conjunction with the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and resulted in documentation of WNV infection in 2 species of squirrel.…”

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confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus Infection in Free-Ranging Squirrels in Illinois

et al. 2004

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Abstract. West Nile virus (WNV) infection was diagnosed in 13 gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) and 3 fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) that were observed with neurologic signs before death or found dead. All 16 had gliosis throughout all sections of the brain. Most had lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, many with admixed neutrophils. Neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia were also prominent features. West Nile virus antigen was demonstrated in the brain, spleen, heart or kidney in 10 of 13 gray squirrels and 3 of 3 fox squirrels by immunohistochemistry. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) confirmed the presence of WNV in the brain or spinal cord of 10/10 gray squirrels and 1/3 fox squirrels tested. Viral levels were quantified in various tissues of selected gray squirrels, and titers were highest in spleen and brain, with no virus detected in serum. This is the first description of lesions associated with WNV infection in gray and fox squirrels.West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus, member of the family Flaviviridae. The virus is primarily transmitted between birds and mosquitoes to mammals. 1,3,4,11 The first documented occurrences of WNV infection in North America was from New York City in 1999 with illness and death in humans, horses, and birds. 1,3,4,8,11 Most reports of mammalian infections have been in humans and horses, though there have been occasional reports of WNV infection in other mammals, including bats, a chipmunk, a skunk, a domestic rabbit, and an eastern gray squirrel. 7 Reports of unusual squirrel mortality events including squirrels with neurologic signs from several locations in Illinois prompted a diagnostic investigation as part of a cooperative statewide wildlife disease surveillance program conducted in conjunction with the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and resulted in documentation of WNV infection in 2 species of squirrel. Materials and methodsAnimals. Thirteen eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) and 3 fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) were examined at

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“…The prevalence of WNV infection in white-tailed deer remains unknown. Increased occurrence of clinical WNV infection in a variety of species may be due to emergence of new strains of the virus (McLean et al, 2002). The strain of WNV in this deer was not determined, but to our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of fatal WNV in a white-tailed deer.…”

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confidence: 91%

“…To date, WNV has been reported in numerous species (primarily avian species but also reptiles, amphibians, and mammals), but with great variability in morbidity and mortality (McLean et al, 2002). Clinically affected individuals either die directly from WNV infection or succumb to secondary invaders (Miller et al, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

Fatal West Nile Virus Infection in a White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Miller

Radi

Baldwin

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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A 3-yr-old male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with a history of ataxia and tremors was submitted to the Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory (The University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, USA) for necropsy. Gross findings were unremarkable. Histologically, the brain had multifocal lymphoplasmacytic perivascular inflammation, scattered gliosis, and rare satellitosis. Mild hemorrhage and congestion in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and mild lymphoid depletion in the tonsil were present. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test performed on brain yielded a positive result for West Nile virus. This represents the first report of fatal West Nile virus infection in a white-tailed deer.

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West Nile Virus in Livestock and Wildlife

Cited by 129 publications

References 60 publications

Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

West Nile Virus Infection in Free-Ranging Squirrels in Illinois

Fatal West Nile Virus Infection in a White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

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