West Nile Virus in Southern Portugal, 2004

Esteves, Aida; Almeida, António Paulo Gouveia de; Galão, Rui Pedro; Parreira, Ricardo; Piedade, João; Rodrigues, João; Sousa, Carla A.; Novo, Maria Teresa Lourenço Marques

doi:10.1089/vbz.2005.5.410

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…and Cx. univittatus mosquitoes [45]. Two years later, 4 equine cases of WNV infection were reported in Argeles sur mer in the French Department of Pyrénées-Orientales (France) [47].…”

Section: Outbreaks Caused By Lineage 1 Wnd Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin

Calistri¹

2010

TOVJ

194

288

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In the last 30 years several cases of West Nile (WN) virus infection were reported in horses and humans in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. Most of them were determined by strains of the Lineage 1 included in the European Mediterranean/Kenyan cluster. Strains of this cluster are characterised by a moderate pathogenicity for horses and humans and limited or no pathogenicity for birds. In recent years, however, WN cases determined by strains grouped in the Israeli/American cluster of Lineage 1 or in the lineage 2 have been reported in Hungary and Austria. The role of migrating birds in introducing new viruses to Europe has been often demonstrated. The migratory birds, which may be infected in their African wintering places, carry the virus northward to European sites during spring migrations. In the past, the virus introduction determined occasional cases of WN. In the recent years, new epidemiological scenarios are developing. In few occasions it has been evidenced the capability of WNV strains of overwintering by using local birds and mosquitoes. Species of Culex amongst mosquitoes and magpies (Pica pica), carrion crows (Corvus corone) and rock pigeons (Columba livia) amongst resident birds are the most probable species involved in this hypothetical WND endemic cycle.

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“…and Cx. univittatus mosquitoes [45]. Two years later, 4 equine cases of WNV infection were reported in Argeles sur mer in the French Department of Pyrénées-Orientales (France) [47].…”

Section: Outbreaks Caused By Lineage 1 Wnd Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin

Calistri¹

2010

TOVJ

194

288

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“…Over the last years, surveillance for mosquito-borne viruses in Portugal resulted in the detection of both pathogenic flaviviruses (Esteves et al, 2005), and ISF (Calzolari et al, 2012;Ferreira et al, 2013;Parreira et al, 2012). Surprisingly, one of the latter, designated OCFVPT, was co-isolated from Ochlerotatus caspius along with a putative new member of the Negevirus group (Ferreira et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negeviruses found in multiple species of mosquitoes from southern Portugal: Isolation, genetic diversity, and replication in insect cell culture

Carapeta

McGuinness

et al. 2015

Virology

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In this report, an RT-PCR approach based on the use of degenerate primers allowed the identification of negeviruses in four different species of mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus caspius, Culex pipiens, Cx. theileri and Cx. univittatus) collected in southern Portugal. The genomes of two of these viruses, sequenced to full completion, were shown to encode all the proteins encoded by previously described negeviruses. One of these viruses induces exuberant cytopathic effect in insect cell culture, with no obvious signs of apoptosis induction, replicating very rapidly and allowing for the detection of viral genomes in the infected culture supernatant as soon as 4h post-infection. This virus was also shown to use a dsRNA intermediate, which was found to be fully formed and active 3h after infection. Phylogenetic analysis of two products encoded by the viral ORF1 placed both viruses among Negev virus cluster, in the recently proposed Nelorpivirus taxon.

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“…Later on, a serological survey conducted from 1999 to 2002 revealed 12% and 3% positivity, respectively in birds and horses (Formosinho et al, 2006). In the summer 2004, two human cases of WNV infection were reported in tourists in the Algarve region (Connell et al, 2004), after which WNV was detected in mosquitoes collected in the same region (Esteves et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%