West Nile virus infection in cats

Egberink, Herman; Addie, Diane; Boucraut-Baralon, Corine; Frymus, Tadeusz; Gruffydd-Jones, Tim; Hartmann, Katrin; Horzinek, Marian C.; Hosie, Margaret J.; Marsilio, Fulvio; Lloret, Albert; Lutz, Hans; Pennisi, Maria Grazia; Radford, Alan; Thiry, Étienne; Truyen, Uwe; Möstl, Karin

doi:10.1177/1098612x15588453

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Initially, the virus was considered of less human importance as it only caused mild, subclinical infections [ 7 ]. However, the virus has been responsible for many cases of morbidity and mortalities in different animal species, including birds [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], horses [ 6 , 18 , 19 ], sheep [ 20 ], reptiles [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], cats [ 24 ], and rodents [ 6 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Over the last two decades, there have been notable increases in human and equine cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications

et al. 2020

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West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications

et al. 2020

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“…Humans and horses represent incidental or 'dead-end' hosts for WNV. Additionally, WNV antibodies were detected in different animal species (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, deer, moose, squirrels) [9][10][11][12][13] as well as in pet animals (dogs, cats); however, clinical disease is rarely reported [14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Trends in the West Nile Virus Epidemiology in Croatia in the ‘One Health’ Context, 2011–2020

et al. 2021

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West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely distributed (re-)emerging arboviruses. In Croatia, acute WNV infections as well as seropositivity were detected in humans, horses, birds and poultry. Although serologic evidence of WNV human infections dates back to the 1970s, no clinical cases were reported until 2012. WNV outbreaks, as well as sporadic infections, were continuously recorded in continental Croatian counties from 2012 to 2018. In addition, acute asymptomatic infections (IgM antibodies) in horses have been regularly notified in continental regions since 2012, while seropositive horses (seroprevalence rates 3.7–21.4%) were detected in both continental and coastal regions. Moreover, WNV seropositivity in poultry (1.8–22.9%) was reported from 2013 to 2020. During the largest WNV outbreak in 2018, WNV RNA was detected for the first time in two dead goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) from the same aviary in North-West Croatia, while WNV antibodies were found in one buzzard (Butteo butteo) from the same region. In addition, WNV RNA was detected in a dead blackbird (Turdus merula) at the Croatian littoral. The phylogenetic analysis of 11 strains detected in urine samples of patients with neuroinvasive disease and 1 strain detected in a goshawk showed circulation of WNV lineage 2. Thus far, WNV has not been detected in mosquitoes in Croatia.

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Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) plays a role in the replication of West Nile virus

et al. 2017

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Valosin-containing protein (VCP) is classified as a member of the type II AAA(+) ATPase protein family. VCP functions in several cellular processes, including protein degradation, membrane fusion, vesicular trafficking and disassembly of stress granules. Moreover, VCP is considered to play a role in the replication of several viruses, albeit through different mechanisms. In the present study, we have investigated the role of VCP in West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Endogenous VCP expression was inhibited using either VCP inhibitors or by siRNA knockdown. It could be shown that the inhibition of endogenous VCP expression significantly inhibited WNV infection. The entry assay revealed that silencing of endogenous VCP caused a significant reduction in the expression levels of WNV-RNA compared to control siRNA-treated cells. This indicates that VCP may play a role in early steps either the binding or entry steps of the WNV life cycle. Using WNV virus like particles and WNV-DNA-based replicon, it could be demonstrated that perturbation of VCP expression decreased levels of newly synthesized WNV genomic RNA. These findings suggest that VCP is involved in early steps and during genome replication of the WNV life cycle. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

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West Nile virus infection in cats

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications

West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications

Emerging Trends in the West Nile Virus Epidemiology in Croatia in the ‘One Health’ Context, 2011–2020

Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) plays a role in the replication of West Nile virus

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