West Nile Virus Infection in Commercial Waterfowl Operation, Wisconsin

Meece, Jennifer K.; Kronenwetter-Koepel, Tamara A.; Vandermause, Mary; Reed, Kurt D.

doi:10.3201/eid1209.051648

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Neutralizing antibodies were found in 43 of 423 domestic ducks sampled in Turkey between 2011 and 2013 [73]. In 2005, an outbreak in a commercial flock induced significant mortalities and high prevalence rates in exotic and domestic ducks [74]. Even if the existence of bird-to-bird direct transmission could partially explain this outbreak [62,75,76], further investigations are needed (i) to assess the role of ducks, particularly in areas of high densities, such as Madagascar Highlands or in Southeast Asia, and (ii) to infer their potential use in endemic and at-risk areas for WNV surveillance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008

Chevalier

Marsot

Molia

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both West Nile and Usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. Both viruses circulate in Europe and Africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the Culex genus. We retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the Inner Niger Delta, Mali, and the Lake Alaotra area, Madagascar. Sera were first tested using a commercial ID Screen West Nile Competition Multi-species ELISA kit. Then, positive sera and sera with insufficient volume for testing with ELISA were tested with a Microneutralization Test. In Mali, the observed seroprevalence in domestic birds was 28.5% [24.5; 32.8] 95%CI, 3.1 % [1.8; 5.2] 95%CI, 6.2% [3.4; 10.2] 95%CI and 9.8 % [7.3; 12.8] 95%CI, for West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), undetermined flavivirus, and WNV/USUV respectively. Regarding domestic birds of Madagascar, the observed seroprevalence was 4.4 % [2.1; 7.9]95%CI for WNV, 0.9% [0.1; 3.1] 95%CI for USUV, 1.3% [0.5; 2.8] 95%CI for undetermined flavivirus, and null for WNV/USUV. Among the 150 wild birds sampled in Madagascar, two fulvous whistling-ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) were positive for WNV and two for an undetermined flavivirus. One white-faced whistling-duck (Dendrocygna viduata) and one Hottentot teal (Spatula hottentota) were tested positive for USUV. African and European wetlands are linked by wild bird migrations. This first detection of USUV—as well as the confirmed circulation of WNV in domestic birds of two wetlands of Mali and Madagascar—emphasizes the need to improve the surveillance, knowledge of epidemiological patterns, and phylogenetic characteristics of flavivirus in Africa, particularly in areas prone to sustained, intense flavivirus transmission such as wetlands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008

Chevalier

Marsot

Molia

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Less is known about the effects of WNV on waterbirds, with the exception of large mortality events involving juvenile American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in the northern plains states (Sovada et al 2008) and, more recently, Eared Grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) at the Great Salt Lake, Utah (Ip et al 2014). Mortality events have also been reported in captive and farmed ducks and geese (Anatidae) in the US and Canada (Meece et al 2006;Wojnarowicz et al 2007;Himsworth et al 2009). Additionally, in the US, WNV has been detected in several species of wild ducks, including Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) (CDC 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EXPERIMENTAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WOOD DUCKS (AIX SPONSA) FOR WEST NILE VIRUS

Hofmeister

Porter

Franson

2015

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Detection of West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported in a variety of wild ducks in the US, but little is known about the pathogenesis and outcome of exposure of the disease in these species. Previous experimental studies of WNV in ducks either have challenged a small number of ducks with WNV or have tested domesticated ducks. To determine susceptibility and immune response, we challenged 7-wk-old Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) with a 1999 American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) isolate of WNV. Wood Ducks were susceptible to infection with the virus, and, although clinical signs or mortality were not observed, microscopic lesions were noted, particularly in the heart and brain. West Nile virus viremia peaked on day 2 postinfection (pi) at 10 4.54 plaque-forming units (PFU) of virus/mL serum and WNV was shed orally (between 10 2 and 10 2.9 PFU per swab) and cloacally. Specific anti-WNV antibody response was rapid, with anti-WNV IgM detected on day 3 pi followed on day 5 pi by anti-WNV IgG. Neutralizing antibodies were detected by plaque-reduction neutralization assay in one duck on day 4 pi, and in all sampled ducks on day 5. These results indicate that Wood Ducks are susceptible to WNV, but it is unlikely that significant WNV mortality events occur in Wood Ducks or that they play a significant role in transmission. However, WNV viremia was sufficient, in theory, to infect mosquitoes, and oral and cloacal shedding of the virus may increase the risk of infection to other waterbirds.

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“…Although the role of ardeid birds as reservoir hosts for JEV is admitted (8,9), the role of domestic birds as potential amplifying hosts has been little investigated so far. Several surveys implemented in different continents suggest the involvement of domestic birds, especially ducks, in WNV epidemiological cycle, either as an amplifying host or as a reservoir (10)(11)(12)(13). With regards to JEV, two experimental studies suggest that young ducks and chickens might produce a sufficient viremia to infect mosquitoes when biting (14,15).…”

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confidence: 99%