West Nile virus

Campbell, Grant L.; Marfin, Anthony A.; Lanciotti, Robert S.; Gubler, Duane J.

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00368-7

Cited by 795 publications

(756 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…(Taylor et al, 1956). WNF outbreaks concern principally humans and horses and many other vertebrates as accidental hosts (Campbell et al, 2002). in Senegal, WNV has been isolated from several mosquito species including Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the efficiency of bird-baited traps for sampling potential West Nile Fever mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Senegal

et al. 2010

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Summary:The efficiency of bird-baited traps and collection heights for sampling potential West Nile mosquito vectors was studied during the 2006 rainy season (between September 27 and November 26) in Barkedji area situated in the sahelian area of Senegal (West Africa). Each night, two traps were set on the ground-level and two on the canopy-level (~ 3 m) each containing either a chicken or a pigeon, the traps being rotated the following nights. A total of 1,030 mosquitoes were collected using 66 traps-nights. Culex species were predominant and represented 92.2 % of the fauna of which 63 % belonged to Cx. neavei group Theobald whereas 23.8 % were Cx poicilipes (Theobald). The species of the Cx. neavei group were mainly collected by the pigeon-baited trap at canopy while Cx. poicilipes was captured similarly by pigeons and chickens placed at the canopy and ground. The implication of these results in West Nile vectors surveillance is discussed. (Taylor et al., 1956). WNF outbreaks concern principally humans and horses and many other vertebrates as accidental hosts (Campbell et al., 2002). in Senegal, WNV has been isolated from several mosquito species including Cx. poicilipes (Theobald) and species of the Cx. neavei group Theobald (Traorelamizana et al., 1994;. This group includes two species (Cx. neavei et Cx. univittatus) difficult to identify on morphological characters -only adult males were firmly identified in Madagascar (Fontenille & Jupp, 1989) -they were pooled here. Previous studies conducted in Barkedji area have shown that: i) Cx. poicilipes and species of Cx. neavei group reach their highest abundances at the end of the rainy season in octoberNovember, ii) the two species are attracted by chicken, horse and human, and iii) they have been regularly associated with WNV between 1990 and 2003(Ba et al., 2006 Crora, 2005). Thus, for a better surveillance of WNV amplification, entomological studies should focus on these species. Such kinds of investigations need the accumulation of knowledge of which the search for the most efficient sampling method is important. Thus, the most efficient method for sampling these mosquitoes is still being explored. information about the most efficient bird bait species and level to collect these vectors in a focal enzootic transmission area of WNV are lacking. Previous studies have shown that some Culex species Article available at http://www.parasite-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2010172143 Diallo D., Ba Y., Dia i. et al. Evaluation of thE 144Note de recherche Parasite, 2010, 17, 143-147 involved in the transmission of WNV feed mainly on the canopy-level (anderson et al., 2004;Darbro & Harrington, 2006) or at equal efficiency on the ground and canopy (Drummond et al., 2006). The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of bird-baited traps using pigeons and chickens and collection heights for sampling potential WNV vectors in the Sahelian area of Senegal. Materials and MethodsT he study was conducted at the edge of the Niakha ponds located...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the efficiency of bird-baited traps for sampling potential West Nile Fever mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Senegal

et al. 2010

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“…In the epidemic in Volgograd in 1999, approximately 65% and 30% of human cases were from Volgograd and Volzhskii urban areas, respectively and only the other 5% occurred in the rural region around Volgograd [26]. A large urban WN fever epidemic occurred also in New York City in 1999, with 59 hospitalised cases and 7 deaths [9]. The great capacity of the virus to cause large urban epidemics is confirmed by the observation of the increasing number of cases in urban counties in USA, with the result that urbanization is becoming an important risk factor for WNV disease incidence in USA [82].…”

Section: Outbreaks Caused By Lineage 1 Wnd Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many species of wild birds might act as amplifying hosts [6], whereas humans, horses and other mammals are considered incidental or dead-end hosts [2]. Although neurological disease in both humans and horses was reported since late 1950s [7], the infection in humans and horses mainly occurs asymptomatically or with mild febrile illness [8, 9]. In humans the morbidity and severity of symptoms depend on several factors, including the WNV strain involved and the immune status of the patient [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin

Calistri¹

2010

TOVJ

194

288

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In the last 30 years several cases of West Nile (WN) virus infection were reported in horses and humans in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. Most of them were determined by strains of the Lineage 1 included in the European Mediterranean/Kenyan cluster. Strains of this cluster are characterised by a moderate pathogenicity for horses and humans and limited or no pathogenicity for birds. In recent years, however, WN cases determined by strains grouped in the Israeli/American cluster of Lineage 1 or in the lineage 2 have been reported in Hungary and Austria. The role of migrating birds in introducing new viruses to Europe has been often demonstrated. The migratory birds, which may be infected in their African wintering places, carry the virus northward to European sites during spring migrations. In the past, the virus introduction determined occasional cases of WN. In the recent years, new epidemiological scenarios are developing. In few occasions it has been evidenced the capability of WNV strains of overwintering by using local birds and mosquitoes. Species of Culex amongst mosquitoes and magpies (Pica pica), carrion crows (Corvus corone) and rock pigeons (Columba livia) amongst resident birds are the most probable species involved in this hypothetical WND endemic cycle.

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“…Since the first recognition of West Nile virus (WNV) in New York City in 1999, the virus has spread rapidly throughout North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) [1][2][3]. As the virus has extended its distribution, the number of reported human cases and the public health importance of WNV infection have also increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and durability of a recombinant subunit West Nile vaccine candidate in protecting hamsters from West Nile encephalitis

Watts

Tesh

Siirin

et al. 2007

Vaccine

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The efficacy of a new recombinant subunit West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine candidate was determined in a hamster model of meningoencephalitis. Groups of hamsters were immunized subcutaneously with a WNV recombinant envelope protein (80E) with or without WNV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) mixed with adjuvant or adjuvant alone. At 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after two immunizations at 4 week intervals with the respective immunogens, groups of animals were challenged via the intraperitoneal route with a virulent strain of WNV. The two recombinant antigen preparations gave similar results; hamsters in both groups had a strong antibody response following immunization, and none of the animals became ill or developed detectable viremia after challenge with WNV at 2 weeks or 6 months post booster vaccination. In contrast, , mortality among the control animals at 2 weeks post booster challenge was 73%, and at 6 months post booster, the mortality was 53% among the control animals. When challenged 12 months after the booster vaccination, a low level viremia was detected in some of the vaccinated hamsters, and one hamster became sick, but recovered. In contrast, all of the control animals that received adjuvant only developed a viremia, and the mortality rate was 77%. These results with the recombinant subunit WNV vaccine are very encouraging and warrant further animal studies to evaluate its potential use to protect humans against WNV disease.

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West Nile virus

Cited by 795 publications

References 69 publications

Evaluation of the efficiency of bird-baited traps for sampling potential West Nile Fever mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Senegal

Evaluation of the efficiency of bird-baited traps for sampling potential West Nile Fever mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Senegal

Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin

Efficacy and durability of a recombinant subunit West Nile vaccine candidate in protecting hamsters from West Nile encephalitis

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