Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000–1300

France, John

doi:10.4324/9781003071402

Cited by 1 publication

(5 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, this approach plays an important role for evaluated chronological changes, because the increase of horse height at the withers in the Late Middle Ages is observed also in other parts of Europe (France, 1999;Hyland, 1994Hyland, , 1999.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Results In A Geographical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early medieval destriers were larger than the two other types and were useful for heavy armored knights. However, they were still smaller than draft animals, averaging from 147 to 152 cm (France, 1999). Hyland (1999) Note: Early medieval-10th-12th c., late medieval-13th-15th c., medieval-10th-15th c., postcranial-Height at withers estimated on the basis of long bones (metapodiums), cranial-Height at withers estimated on the basis of craniometry.…”

Section: Regional Comparison Of Results Within Historical Polish Terr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early medieval destriers were larger than the two other types and were useful for heavy armored knights. However, they were still smaller than draft animals, averaging from 147 to 152 cm (France, 1999). Hyland (1999) works proved that neither medieval war and draft horses were smaller than modern draft breeds (15 hands, always below 16 hands), what correspond with France (1999) statement in late medieval warhorses as exceeding 150 cm (15 hands).Our results show similar tendencies in Poland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, they were still smaller than draft animals, averaging from 147 to 152 cm (France, 1999). Hyland (1999) works proved that neither medieval war and draft horses were smaller than modern draft breeds (15 hands, always below 16 hands), what correspond with France (1999) statement in late medieval warhorses as exceeding 150 cm (15 hands).Our results show similar tendencies in Poland. In general, the Polish horse population can be described as small or moderate in terms of animal size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The role of horses in medieval Europe is often a subject of scientific investigation (Ekhdal, 1998; France, 1999; Holmes, 2001; Hyland, 1994, 1999; Jaworski et al, 2020; Kurtović, 2014; Lasota‐Moskalewska, 2005; Prestwich, 1996; Ropa & Dawson, 2020; Sidnell, 2006). The horse is often associated with elites, not only as a means of transport and an element of military equipment, but also a certain indicator of social prestige.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Withers height estimation in medieval horse samples from Poland: Comparing the internal cranial cavity‐based modified Wyrost and Kucharczyk method with existing methods

Chrószcz

Baranowski

Janowski

et al. 2021

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Horse withers height is frequently estimated based on skeletal remains during archeozoological analyses. The routinely used methods (Vitt and Kiesewalter) do not allow withers height estimation without complete long bone and skull osteometry.The modified Wyrost and Kucharczyk formula is based on the internal dimensions of the cranial cavity. This method can be used even when the neurocranium is the only surviving portion of the skull. Earlier investigation demonstrated that it can be used as a substitute for the Kiesewalter method. The statistical analyses of the results achieved using metapodial bones are strongly correlated with the results achieved using the Wyrost and Kucharczyk method. A unique horse skull assemblage, dating back to medieval times, was unearthed from several archeological sites in Poland (Silesia, Kuyavia, Grater Poland, Western Pomerania, and Eastern Pomerania). This study aimed to estimate the withers height of this assemblage using the modified Wyrost and Kucharczyk method. Subsequently, these estimations were compared with accessible literature data from both medieval Poland and surrounding territories.The literature indicates that the horses from Western Pomerania, Silesia, and Kuyavia were larger than the animals from Eastern Pomerania. Our results show that horses from Western Pomerania were larger than those from Silesia, Kuyavia, and Eastern Pomerania. In both cases, the Western Pomeranian horses are the largest. In general, according to our results and the accessible literature, it seems true that Polish medieval horse populations can be described as medium-and small-sized, according to Vitt's classification. The modified Wyrost and Kucharczyk formula can be used as an additional or alternative method of calculating withers height in routine archeozoological studies.

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Section: Comparison Of the Results In A Geographical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regional Comparison Of Results Within Historical Polish Terr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early medieval destriers were larger than the two other types and were useful for heavy armored knights. However, they were still smaller than draft animals, averaging from 147 to 152 cm (France, 1999). Hyland (1999) works proved that neither medieval war and draft horses were smaller than modern draft breeds (15 hands, always below 16 hands), what correspond with France (1999) statement in late medieval warhorses as exceeding 150 cm (15 hands).Our results show similar tendencies in Poland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%