“…[21,28,30,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Three main TLI approaches have been investigated for EUV lithography, namely top surface imaging (TSI), [22,27,28,30,32,[39][40][41][42] bilayer resists [5,43,44] and ultra thin single layer resists over hardmask (UTR). [5,28,[32][33][34][35] In TSI, the uppermost layer of either the exposed or unexposed regions can be selectively silylated by gaseous or liquid silanes.…”