Wetting properties of nonionics from branched fatty diamides

Abstract

Low pressure oxyethylation of RNHCOR CONHR or RCONHCH2CH2NHCOR does not occur below 100 C where R represents branched aliphatic groups and R’ is 0–4 methylene groups or ‐CH=CH‐. These diamides add ethylene oxide at 140–170 C to give dark adducts highly contaminated with aminoester. The corresponding dihydroxyethyl derivatives undergo low pressure oxyethylation, yielding products with good room temperature solubility, low aminoester content and good wetting properties for cotton skeins and a hydrophobic soil. For these adduct series, most effective wetting was found with an ethylene oxide chain length of 8. For adducts based on fumaramide, excellent wetting properties were observed over a chain length range of 5–15 units. All adduct series effectively wet Idylwild hydrophobic soil at 0.01%, but no distinction was possible between series at the same concentration.

Gemini surfactants

“…Compounds of structure {RN[(C 2 H 4 O) x H]C(O)} 2 Y, where Y is -CH 2 CH 2 -or -CH=CH-and R is 2-ethylhexyl, have been reported to be excellent hydrophobic soil wetting and rewetting agents (8). The acetylenic glycols of structure RR′C(OH)C≡CC(OH)R′R, where R′ is -CH 3 and R is a C 2 -C 4 alkyl group, are commercially available geminis that have been utilized for decades.…”

Preparation and surface active properties of amphipathic compounds with two sulfate groups and two lipophilic alkyl chains

“…Linfield et al (9) have also reported that oxyethylated N,N'-dialkyl-N,N'-dihydroxyethyldiamides can be applied to soil wetting agents with excellent ability. However, there are only few reports on the interfacial properties of amphipathic compounds with both plural lipophilic and plural hydrophilic groups (10).…”

Industrial Applications of Dimeric Surfactants: A Review

“…[19] The dicarboxylate gemini [C 10 H 21 OCH 2 CH (OCH 2 COO À Na þ )CH 2 ] 2 Y, where Y is OCH 2 CH 2 O, have Draves skein wetting times at 0.1% concentration as 6 and 30 s, in comparision to 226 s for C 11 H 23 COO À Na þ . [20] The enhanced solubilization of water-insoluble matter is delineated by the geminis (RC 6 H 3 SO À 3 M þ )2O, which can remove stains from paints, inks, and other coloring materials from clothing and skin.…”