“…These approaches be paired with macro-level interventions, for example: seeking to fund and facilitate programmes that prevent violence before it happens; developing programmes and services that acknowledge the over-representation of racialised persons in criminalised populations; and refusing, where possible, to partner with or further the reach of carceral systems (Taylor, 2018;Levine and Meiners, 2020). Ilea (2018) offers a framework for this kind of work in their exploration of the Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA) model that has been used to work with those who have been criminalised for sexual offences, which focuses on providing a range of holistic services to support service users' transition out of the carceral system via providing robust mental health, housing, employment and social supports. In this process, social work could play an active role in deconstructing the image of the violent Other perpetrating GBSV and pushing back against binary labels of 'good/normal' and 'bad/abnormal' that allow the community to alienate perpetrators and dodge accountability for GBSV (Sweet, 2016;Taylor, 2019;Levine and Meiners, 2020;Richie and Martensen, 2020).…”